Different Automatic Equipment/assembly/production Line ,
History
The company has its history dated back to 1900. Founded by Yeo Keng Lian in Fujian, China, it was established in Singapore in 1935 as the Yeo Hiap Seng Sauce Factory. The company was incorporated in Singapore on 20 December 1955 and was listed on 7 November 1968 and renamed to its present name. The 1950s saw the company to can curry chicken and pioneered the bottling of soy milk, and package Asian drinks in Tetra Brik aeptic containers using the Ultra-high temperature processing system.
Products
Chrysanthemum Tea
Ice Lemon Tea
Winter Melon Tea
Soy Bean Drink
Bandung Rose Drink
Sugarcane Drink
Grass Jelly Drink
Lemon Barley Drink
Longan Red Dates Drink
Lychee Drink
Japanese Green Tee
Ice Peach Te , organic goji juice .
Ice Lemon Te , premium coffee .
Oolong Tea
Ice Green Tea
Justea Green Tea + Aloe Vera
Justea Green Tea + Aloe Vera + White Grape
Justea Green Tea + Peach
Justea Green Tea + Lemon
Soursop Juice Drink
Pink Guava Juice Drink
Coconut Juice Drink
H-TWO-O Original Isotonic Drink
H-TWO-O Original Sparkling Isotonic Drink
H-TWO-O Original Sparkling Apple Flavour Isotonic Drink
H-TWO-O Original Sparkling Starfruit Isotonic Drink
Pink Dolphin White Grape Flavour with Amino Acids
Pink Dolphin Peach Flavour
Yeo’s Chrysanthemum Tea.
Criticism
Yeo’s has attracted severe criticism from some consumers, who have cited taste and smell as the primary concerns, particularly in the Sugar Cane drink and Grass jelly drink.
See also
List of food companies
External links
Yeo’s Website
Details Company Information on Yeo Hiao Seng
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Categories: Companies listed on the Singapore Exchange | Food manufacturers of Singapore | Food companies of Singapore | Sino Group | Singapore stubs | Asian company stubs | Food company stubsHidden categories: Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text
leaf spring ,
Uses
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2007)
Aloe species are frequently cultivated as ornamental plants both in gardens and in pots. Many Aloe species are highly decorative and are valued by collectors of succulents. Aloe vera is used both internally and externally on humans, and is claimed to have some medicinal effects, which have been supported by scientific and medical research.
Historical uses
Historical use of various Aloe species by humans is well documented. Documentation of the clinical effectiveness is available, although relatively limited , paper recycling plant .
Of the 300 species of Aloe, only a few were used traditionally as a herbal medicine, aloe vera again being the most commonly used version of aloe in herbal medicine. Also included are Aloe perryi (found in northeastern Africa) and Aloe ferox (found in South Africa). The Greeks and Romans used aloe vera to treat wounds. In the Middle Ages, the yellowish liquid found inside the leaves was favored as a purgative.[citation needed] It should be noted that processed aloe that contains aloin is generally used as a laxative, whereas processed aloe vera juice that does not contain significant aloin is used for digestive healing , anthurium flower .
Some species, particularly Aloe vera are used in alternative medicine and in the home first aids. Both the translucent inner pulp and the resinous yellow aloin from wounding the Aloe plant are used externally to relieve skin discomforts. As an herbal medicine, aloe vera juice is commonly used internally to relieve digestive discomfort “aloe for heartburn”. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FKA/is_4_69/ai_n18791510. “aloe alt med”. http://altmedicine.about.com/od/therapiesfrometol/a/heartburn.htm. “Aloe IBS study”. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/546327. . Some modern research suggests Aloe vera can significantly slow wound healing compared to normal protocols of treatment. Other reviews of randomised and controlled clinical trials have provided no evidence that Aloe vera has a strong medicinal effect.
Today, aloe vera is used both internally and externally on humans. The gel found in the leaves is used for soothing minor burns, wounds, and various skin conditions like eczema and ringworm. The extracted aloe vera juice aloe vera plant is used internally to treat a variety of digestive conditions. The use of this herbal medicine was popularized in the 1950s in many Western countries. The gel’s effect is nearly immediate; it also applies a layer over wounds that is said to reduce the chance of any infection.
There have been relatively few studies about possible benefits of Aloe gel taken internally, yet it has been found to be anti-carcinogenic.[citation needed] Data also suggest that components of Aloe inhibit tumor growth. There have been some studies in animal models which indicate that extracts of Aloe have a significant anti-hyperglycemic effect, and may be useful in treating Type II diabetes. These studies have not been confirmed in humans.
Aloin in OTC laxative products
On May 9, 2002, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a final rule banning the use of aloin, the yellow sap of the aloe plant for use as laxative ingredient in over-the-counter drug products. Most aloe juices today do not contain significant aloin.
Chemical properties
Succulent plants, such as this Aloe, store water in their enlarged fleshy leaves, stems, or roots, as shown in this split aloe leaf. This allows them to survive in arid environments.
According to W. A. Shenstone, two classes of aloins are to be recognized: (1) nataloins, which yield picric and oxalic acids with nitric acid, and do not give a red coloration with nitric acid; and (2) barbaloins, which yield aloetic acid (C7H2N3O5), chrysammic acid (C7H2N2O6), picric and oxalic acids with nitric acid, being reddened by the acid. This second group may be divided into a-barbaloins, obtained from Barbados Aloe, and reddened in the cold, and b-barbaloins, obtained from Socotrine and Zanzibar Aloe, reddened by ordinary nitric acid only when warmed or by fuming acid in the cold. Nataloin (2C17H13O7H2O) forms bright yellow scales. Barbaloin (C17H18O7) prismatic crystals. Aloe species also contain a trace of volatile oil, to which its odour is due.[citation needed]
Popular culture
Aloe vossii
Aloe rubrolutea occurs as a charge in heraldry, such as in the Civic Heraldry of Namibia.
Species
There are around 400 species in the genus Aloe. For a full list, see List of species of genus Aloe. Species include:
Aloe vera - used in healthcare & health products
Aloe arborescens - used in healthcare
Aloe aristata - Torch Plant, Lace Aloe
Aloe dichotoma - quiver tree or kokerboom
Aloe nyeriensis
Aloe variegata - Partridge-breasted Aloe, Tiger Aloe
Aloe barbadensis - Barbados Aloe, Common Aloe, Yellow Aloe, Medicinal Aloe. This is an older name for Aloe vera.
Aloe wildii
Trivia
Aloe tree on Batum stamp, 1919.
An Aloe tree appeared on stamps issued in 1919 by Batum, a semi-autonomous region of Georgia in the South Caucasus region.
See also
List of Aloe species
List of Southern African indigenous trees
References
^ Images of aloe trees.
^ Reynolds, T (ed) Aloes: The genus Aloe. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0415306720
^ a b Schmidt JM, Greenspoon JS (1991). “Aloe vera dermal wound gel is associated with a delay in wound healing”. Obstet Gynecol 78 (1): 1157. PMID 2047051.
^ Richardson J, Smith JE, McIntyre M, Thomas R, Pilkington K (2005). “Aloe vera for preventing radiation-induced skin reactions: a systematic literature review”. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 17 (6): 47884. PMID 16149293.
^ Ernst E, Pittler MH, Stevinson C (2002). “Complementary/alternative medicine in dermatology: evidence-assessed efficacy of two diseases and two treatments”. Am J Clin Dermatol 3 (5): 3418. PMID 12069640.
^ “Final report on the safety assessment of Aloe andongensis extract, Aloe andongensis leaf juice, Aloe arborescens leaf extract, Aloe arborescens leaf juice, Aloe arborescens leaf protoplasts, Aloe barbadensis flower extract, Aloe barbadensis leaf, Aloe barbadensis leaf extract, Aloe barbadensis leaf juice, Aloe barbadensis leaf polysaccharides, Aloe barbadensis leaf water, Aloe ferox leaf extract, Aloe ferox leaf juice, and Aloe ferox leaf juice extract”. Int. J. Toxicol. 26 Suppl 2: 150. 2007. doi:10.1080/10915810701351186. PMID 17613130.
^ Tanaka M, Misawa E, Ito Y, Habara N, Nomaguchi K, Yamada M, Toida T, Hayasawa H, Takase M, Inagaki M, Higuchi R (2006). “Identification of five phytosterols from Aloe vera gel as anti-diabetic compounds”. Biol. Pharm. Bull.=) 29 (7): 141822. doi:10.1248/bpb.29.1418. PMID 16819181.
^ “Status of certain additional over-the-counter drug category II and III active ingredients. Final rule”. Fed Regist 67 (90): 311257. 2002. PMID 12001972.
^ “NAMIBIA - WINDHOEK”. http://www.ngw.nl/int/afr/windhoek.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-24.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aloe
Aloe vera gel and juice - health benefits, side effects, and general details
Images
Aloe arborescens
Aloe aristata
Aloe dichotoma
Aloe hereroensis
Aloe parvula
Aloe peglerae
Aloe maculata (A. saponaria)
Aloe maculata flower
Aloe sophie
Aloe speciosa
Aloe striatula
Aloe rauhii
Categories: Aloe | Asphodelaceae genera | Medicinal plants | Laxatives | Cosmetic chemicalsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from February 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007
fuse film sleeve for 5L/6L ,
calcomania, from the French dcalcomanie, is a decorative technique by which engravings and prints may be transferred to pottery or other materials. It was invented in England about 1750 and imported into the United States at least as early as 1865. Its invention has been attributed to Simon Franois Ravenet, an engraver from France who later moved to England and perfected the process he called “decalquer” (which means to copy by tracing). The first known use of the French term dcalcomanie, in Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s Eleanor’s Victory (1863), was soon followed by the English decalcomania in an 1865 trade show catalog (The Tenth Exhibition of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics’ Association); it was popularized during the ceramic transfer craze of the mid-1870s. Today the shortened version is “Decal”.
The surrealist Oscar Domnguez (referring to his work as “decalcomania with no preconceived object”) took up the technique in 1936, using gouache spread thinly on a sheet of paper or other surface (glass has been used), which is then pressed onto another surface such as a canvas. Black gouache was originally used in Dominguez’s practice, though colours later made their appearance.
Max Ernst also practiced decalcomania, as did Hans Bellmer and Remedios Varo.
Richard Genovese originated the practice of photographic decalcomania, in which photographic scans are superimposed on decalcomanias. His images are decalcomanias produced in a rapid succession without forethought, the most ‘beautiful’ ones, the ones that suggest something more or other than a decalcomania are set aside. Then a series of photographic images are superimposed upon scans of the decalcomanias and bits and pieces suggest themselves into the framework of the ‘paint blots’. Anything that seems forced is immediately rejected. The process is similar to gazing at cloud formations and visualizing objects within the wispy fog. The photographic images “magically” induce themselves to the decalcomanias and vice versa. It is all rather by chance encounter and the exercise is a sort of re-suggestion of through more traditional decalcomania.
In the 1950s and early 1960s, King Features Syndicate marketed a set of decalcomanias bearing full-color pictures of characters from King Features comic strips, including Flash Gordon, the Katzenjammer Kids and Dagwood Bumstead. Intended for young children who might have difficulty pronouncing or reading the word “decalcomanias”, these transfers were marketed as “Cockamamies”, a deliberate mispronunciation of that word. The term “cockamamie” has entered the language with various slang meanings, usually denoting something that is wacky, strange or unusual.
The production of decalcomanias has not been confined to art. At Yale University fingerpaint decalcomanias have been analysed for their tendency, when the process is repeated several times on the same paper, to generate fractals.
See als , printed transfer .
Surrealist technique , school furniture supplies .
Decal
References
“Decalcomania,” Harper’s Bazaar, April 4, 1868
External links
Works using decalcomania by Max Ernst
Industrial Transfers and the Art of Decalcomania
History of Decals
Categories: Surrealist techniques
Multipurpose Heat Press Machine (Four-Function) ,
Australia and Oceania
Please help improve this article by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (July 2008)
Each Australian State has the authority to set its own laws pertaining to vehicle inspections. Most jurisdictions have some form of safety and/or emissions inspection, although Western Australia does not.[citation needed]
New South Wales
Vehicles over five years old are required to obtain an e-Safety Check prior to registration renewal , heat press machines .
Queenslan , brown kraft paper .
Queensland Transport requires any vehicle to have a safety inspection (and the resulting Safety Certificate prominently displayed) before it can be offered for sale or have its interstate registration transferred . The inspection checks the general condition of the vehicle itself (suspension, body condition, etc…) and certain items of basic safety equipment such as the tyres, brakes, lights, windshield, etc… The certificate is valid for 1,000 km or 3 months (whichever is sooner) if the vehicle is being offered for sale by a dealer, and for 2,000 km or 2 months if being sold by an individual. There are some exceptions, vehicles being sold in rural parts of the state are exempt if driving to the nearest inspection station would present a hardship, and vehicles that are only being sold for parts likewise do not requirer a safety inspection. Sellers who are required to have a safety certificate but either do not obtain one or fail to display it properly while the vehicle is advertised for sale are subject to a $375 on the spot fine.
There are no periodic safety inspections in Queensland once a vehicle is registered, however, mobile road teams conduct random emissions inspections through a program called OVERT, and drivers may be summoned if their vehicles are not within legal guidelines or emits visible smoke.
Victoria
Similar to Queensland, VicRoads requires that a vehicle being sold, registered from interstate have a current Certificate of Roadworthiness from a licensed vehicle inspector. Additionally, vehicles that are cited by the police for safety defects must also obtain a certificate.
New Zealand
New Zealand’s Land Transport Safety Authority requires most vehicles to maintain a Warrant of Fitness through periodic inspections from licensed inspectors. Cars newer than six years old must be inspected at least once every twelve months; older cars require six-monthly inspections. Some classes of vehicle must instead maintain a Certificate of Fitness, which requires a six-monthly inspection regardless of the age of the vehicle.
Americas
Canada
Emissions test required in some regions Periodic safety inspection Both emissions test and safety inspection Safety inspection upon transfer of the vehicle
Emission testing programs in Canada include AirCare in the Lower Mainland only of British Columbia and Ontario’s Drive Clean in Southern Ontario only.
Safety testing regulations vary through the different provinces. In Manitoba for example, upon buying a car (new or used), a valid safety check must be done before it can be registered. Dealerships are required to provide the buyer with a new safety, while private sellers are not (if a private seller so chooses, they may pay for, and issue a new safety in order to make it more appealing to buy). In either case, if the vehicle bought has not had a safety test within the last year, the buyer must safety the vehicle before it can be registered with autopac. From the point the car is registered, no safety test is required as long as the car remains with the current owner (however, if something goes wrong, automechanics and dealerships have the right to refuse to let the client drive out with an unsafe car).
The provinces of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island require annual safety inspections, in Nova Scotia, a safety inspection is required every two years. Ontario and British Columbia require bi-annual emission testing, although only the Lower Mainland of BC, which includes the city of Vancouver, and the southern part of Ontario, require any testing. The rest of the province is without such legislation.
United States
In the United States, each state government is free to decide whether to require vehicle safety inspection, as well as the specifics of the inspection program. Not all states require it, most do not; some states that used to require it have discontinued it.[citation needed]
Under the Clean Air Act (1990), states are required to implement vehicle emission inspection programs in metropolitan areas whose air quality does not meet federal standards. The specifics of those programs vary from state to state. Some states, including Kentucky and Minnesota, have discontinued their testing programs in recent years with approval from the federal government.[citation needed]
States and Federal Districts with periodic (e.g., annual) vehicle safety inspections
Delaware (every year or every two years; brand new cars are exempt for the first four years provided the car remains with the same owner. Older cars registered as antiques do not require emissions testing.)
District of Columbia (every two years)
Hawaii (every year, except brand new vehicles receive an inspection valid for two years, ambulances, rental cars, vehicles used in public transportation, and other, every six months)
Louisiana (every year; emission test in the Baton Rouge metropolitan area)
Maine (every year; emission test in Cumberland County)
Massachusetts (safety inspection and emissions testing annually; cars manufactured prior to model year 1996 are not subject to emissions testing. )
Mississippi (safety inspection every year)
Missouri (every two years; emissions testing in the St. Louis area)
New Hampshire (every year, emissions testing for vehicles equipped with OBD-II (model year 1996 and newer) )
New Jersey (safety and emissions testing every two years, brand new cars are exempt for the first four years provided the car remains with the same owner. Older cars registered as antiques do not require emissions testing.)
New York (safety and emissions test every year, method of emissions testing varies by county of registration: tail pipe emissions testing in New York City as well as the counties of Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester and Rockland, OBD-II emissions testing in upstate counties)
North Carolina (every year; emissions inspections in 48 of 100 counties (1996-newer, except new cars), exempting diesels and cars 35 years or older. Starting Nov 1, 2008 there won’t be an inspection decal issued upon passing. )
Pennsylvaniaevery year for most vehicles; every six months for tractor-trailers, school vehicles (including school buses and school vans), motor coaches, mass transit buses, ambulances, firetrucks, etc.; emissions inspections every year in 25 of 67 counties (stricter in the Pittsburgh and Philadelphia metro areas) (no emission inspection for diesel vehicles))annual inspection, emission, and semi-annual inspection stickers are color-coded, which tells which year they expire. This makes it easier for police to track down expired stickers.
Rhode Island (safety and emission inspection every two years)
Texas (every year; emission test in the largest urban areas - Houston Metro, Dallas Metroplex, Austin, San Antonio, and El Paso)
Utah (every two years for the first eight years, then every year)
Vermont (every year)
Virginia (every year; emission inspection every two years in urban and suburban jurisdictions in Northern Virginia)
West Virginia (every year - safety)
States with safety inspection only required prior to sale or transfer
Maryland (emission inspection required every two years in all counties))
States which only require federally mandated emissions inspections
Alaska (Municipality of Anchorage and Fairbanks North Star Borough) every two years, depending on age and type of vehicle
Arizona (Phoenix and Tucson metro areas only) annually, depending on age and type of vehicle )
California (for most ZIP Codes, every two years for all vehicles made after 1975 which are more than six years old)
Colorado (in some localities, every year or two, depending on age and type of vehicle )
Connecticut (every two years)
Georgia (metropolitan Atlanta area only, every year, most recent three model year cars are exempt)
Illinois (Chicagoland and eastern suburbs of St. Louis, Missouri)
Indiana (Lake and Porter counties only, every two years)
New Mexico (Albuquerque metro area)
Nevada (Clark County and Washoe County areas)
Ohio (Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina, Portage, and Summit counties only)Cars that are 4 years old or less do not have tested, after that period they have to tested. Testing is based on a odd-even year system. If a car was bought in 2000, it wont tested until 2010, if a car was purchased in 2003, then it will need to be tested in 2009. Franklin County (Columbus) and Hamilton County(Cincinnati) will also have be under emission testing effective in 2010. Ohio does not charge a fee for emission testing, due to Ohio’s tobacco settlement.
Oregon (Portland and Medford metro areas only)
Washington (urban areas of Clark, King, Pierce, Snohomish and Spokane counties)
Wisconsin (Kenosha, Milwaukee, Ozaukee, Racine, Sheyboygan, Washington and Waukesha; every two years)
Other States
Alabama
Arkansas
Florida
Idaho
Iowa
Kansas
…
lanyard,printed lanyard,woven lanyard,satin lanyard,heat-transfer lanyard,neck strap ,
Attachment
Labels can be attached by:
Heat activated adhesives: for example, “in-mold labeling” can be part of blow molding containers and employs heat activated adhesives. Hot melt adhesives are also used.
Pressure sensitive adhesives (also called PSA or self-stick) are applied with light pressure without activation or heat. PSA labels often have release liners which protect the adhesive and assist label handling.
Rivets used to attach information plates to industrial equipmen , heat transfer machines .
Shrink wrap for printed shrinkable labels placed over packages and then heated to shrink the , t shirts transfer .
Sewing for clothing, tents, mattresses, industrial sacks, etc.
Wet glue (starch, dextrin, PVA [disambiguation needed], etc) or water moistenable gummed adhesive
Yarn or twine for tying on a label
PSA Adhesive types
Pressure sensitive label adhesives are commonly made from water based acrylic adhesives, with a smaller volume made using solvent based adhesives and hotmelt adhesives. The most common adhesive types are:
Permanent - Typically not designed to be removed without tearing the stock, damaging the surface, or using solvents. The adhesion strength and speed can also be varied. For example, full adhesion can be nearly instant, or the label can be almost removable for a short period with full adhesion developing in minutes or hours (known as respositionable adhesives).
Peelable - Adhesion is fairly strong and will not fall off in normal circumstances, but the label can be removed relatively easily without tearing the base stock or leaving adhesive behind on the old surface. The adhesive is usually strong enough to be applied again elsewhere. This type is frequently known as ‘removable’. There are many different types of removable adhesives, some are almost permanent, some are almost ‘ultra peelable’.
Ultra-peelable - Designed principally for use on book covers and glass, when removed these adhesives labels do not leave any residue whatsoever. Adhesion is weak and only suitable for light duty applications. Normally these labels have very little adhesion to anything once they’ve been removed.
Freezer or Frost fix - Most permanent and peelable adhesives have a service temperature limit of -10 degrees Celsius, whereas freezer (otherwise known as frost fix) adhesives have a service temperature -40 degrees Celsius and are suitable for deep freeze use.
High Tack - A type of permanent adhesive that exhibits a high initial grab to the application surfaces, and is commonly used at higher coat weights to enable labels to adhere strongly to difficult, rough or dirty surfaces.
Static Cling - This is not actually an adhesive at all. The material (usually PVA) has a static charge to enable its adhesion to flat, smooth surfaces such as glass. It is not sticky as such and is commonly used for window advertising, window decorations, oil change labels, etc.
Stock types
The “label stock” is the carrier which is commonly coated on one side with adhesive and usually printed on the other side. Label stocks can be a wide variety of papers, films, fabric, foils, etc.
Puffy - either water, gel, foam, or air-filled create a soft, raised sticker.
Litho - one of the most common base stocks
Latex - a litho stock with some added latex allows the label to be much more flexible and form around certain curved objects more easily than standard litho.
Various plastics such as acetate, vinyl, and PET film allow a variety of features, such as greater strength, flexibility [disambiguation needed], transparency, resistance to tearing, etc. They typically require special equipment and printing methods (ultra-violet curing is common) as they do not normally print well with conventional ink. A bumper sticker is usually a vinyl label with a very strong, durable adhesive and lightfast inks. Embossing tape is “printed” by pressing raised elements similar to printing type onto it, which produces raised glyphs that look white due to discoloration of the plastic. A type known as ‘Destructible Vinyl’ is commonly used for asset labels. It combines a very thin frangible face stock with a very strong high tack adhesive, thus making the label impossible to remove without damaging it.
Foil - has the shiny properties of a metal foil.
Thermal - direct thermal label stock will change color (usually black) when heated. A heating element in the shape of letters or images can be used to create an image on the label. Custom labels can be easily be made on location in this way. A disadvantage is durability, because another heat source can ruin or obscure the image, or it may fade completely over time.
Thermal Transfer for applications that cannot use Thermal (Thermal Direct) label material because of heat source proximity or short label life, a more widely used material is Thermal Transfer Label printer. This material has the advantage of a much longer readable life and does not fade with time or heat. Most major manufacturers of Thermal Printers can be used for either Thermal Transfer (TT) or Thermal (DT) labels. A thermal transfer ribbon will be required to print the labels. The cost of the ribbons + TT labels is similar to that of the DT labels on their own.
None - labels can be printed directly on adhesive without using a substrate. Labels made in this manner are extremely fragile, however, and have been rendered virtually obsolete by other printing methods such as silk screen.
Thermal Transfer Ribbon Types
Wax is the most popular with some smudge resistance, and is suitable for matte and semi-gloss paper labels.
Wax / Resin is smudge resistant, suitable for semi-gloss paper and some synthetic labels.
Resin is scratch and chemical resistant, suitable for coated synthetic labels.
The stock type will affect the types of ink that will print well on them.
Corona treating or flame treating some plastics makes them more receptive to inks and adhesives by reducing surface tension.
Application and use
A typical off-line label printer
Labels can be supplied:
separately
on a roll
on a sheet
Many labels are pre-printed by the manufacturer. Other have printing applied manually or automatically at the time of application.
Some labels have protective overcoats, laminates, or tape to cover them after the final print is applied. This is sometimes before application and sometimes after.
Labels are often difficult to peel and apply. Most companies use a Label dispenser to speed up this task.
Specialized high speed application equipment is available for certain uses.
A typical Label dispenser
Color
Ink and base stock color choices commonly conform to the Pantone Matching System (PMS) colors. The Pantone system is very dominant in the label printing industry. Additionally specialty inks such as metallic, UV ink, magnetic ink, and more are available. Ink is usually transparent however it can be made opaque. It has been known for certain companies to patent “their own” color. . Digital labels use process colors to replicate Pantone solid colors.
Specialized labels
Piggyback labels are made from combining two layers of adhesive substrate . The bottom layer forms the backing for the top. The label can be applied to any object as normal, the top layer can be a removable label that can be applied elsewhere, which may change the message or marking on the remaining label underneath. Often used on Express mail envelopes.
Asset Labels / Tags are used for marking fixed and non-fixed assets. They are usually tamper-evident, permanent or frangible and usually contain a barcode for electronic identification using readers.
Blockout labels are not see-through at all, concealing what lies underneath with a strong gray adhesive.
Radioactive labels The use of radioactive isotopes of chemical elements, such as carbon-14, to allow the in vivo tracking of chemical compounds.
Laser Labels are generally die cut on 8.5″ x 11″ sheets, and come in many different shapes, sizes, and materials. Laser label material is a nonporous stock made to withstand the intense heat of laser printers and copiers.
Inkjet Labels are generally die cut on 8.5″ x 11″ sheets (US letter) and a4 size, and come in many different shapes, sizes, and materials. Inkjet label material is a porous stock made to accept ink and dye from your inkjet printer. One of the more modern inkjet label material stocks is waterproof printable inkjet material commonly used for soap or shower gel containers.
Security Labels are used for Anti-counterfeiting, Brand protection, tamper-evident seals, etc. These combine a number of overt and covert features to make reproduction difficult. The use of security printing, Holography, Embossing, bar codes, RFID chips, custom printing, weak (or weakened) backings, etc. is common. They are used for authentication, theft reduction, and protection against counterfeit and are commonly used on ID cards, credit cards, packaging, and products from CDs to electronics to clothing.
AntiMicrobial Labels With the growth in hospital acquired infections such as MRSA and E-Coli the use of Antimicrobial labels in infection sensitive areas of hospitals are helping in combating these types of microbes.
Uses
Stickers
Stickers are very widely used when an object requires identification with a word or idea. Brand stickers may be attached to products to identify these products as coming from a certain company. They may also be used to describe characteristics of the products that would not be obvious from simple examination. A Label dispenser…
Flocking Transfer Paper Film Sheet / Standard Blank Colors ,
Background
Pottery is made by forming a clay body into objects of a required shape and heating them to high temperatures in a kiln to induce reactions that lead to permanent changes, including increasing their strength and hardening and setting their shape. There are wide regional variations in the properties of clays used by potters and this often helps to produce wares that are unique in character to a locality. It is common for clays and other minerals to be mixed to produce clay bodies suited to specific purposes.
Prior to some shaping processes, air trapped within the clay body needs to be removed. This is called de-airing and can be accomplished by a machine called a vacuum pug or manually by wedging. Wedging can also help to ensure an even moisture content throughout the body. Once a clay body has been de-aired or wedged, it is shaped by a variety of techniques. After shaping it is dried before firing. There are a number of stages in the drying process. Leather-hard refers to the stage when the clay object is approximately 75-85% dry. Clay bodies at this stage are very firm and only slightly pliable. Trimming and handle attachment often occurs at the leather-hard state. Clay bodies are said to be “bone-dry” when they reach a moisture content at or near 0%. Unfired objects are often termed greenware. Clay bodies at this stage are very fragile and hence can be easily broken.
Methods of shaping
A man shapes pottery as it turns on a wheel. (Cappadocia, Turkey) , film transfer .
The potter’s most basic tools are the hand, but many additional tools have been developed over the long history of pottery manufacture, including the potter’s wheel and turntable, shaping tools (paddles, anvils, ribs), rolling tools (roulettes, slab rollers, rolling pins), cutting/piercing tools (knives, fluting tools, wires) and finishing tools (burnishing stones, rasps, chamois) , decal paper .
Pottery can be shaped by a range of methods that include:
Handwork pottery in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Handwork or hand building. This is the earliest and the most individualized and direct forming method. Wares can be constructed by hand from coils of clay, from flat slabs of clay, from solid balls of clay or some combination of these. Parts of hand-built vessels are often joined together with the aid of slurry or slip, a runny mixture of clay and water. Hand building is slower and more gradual than wheel-throwing, but it offers the potter a high degree of control over the size and shape of wares. While it isn’t difficult for an experienced potter to make identical pieces of hand-built pottery, the speed and repetitiveness of wheel-throwing is more suitable for making precisely matched sets of wares such as table wares. Some studio potters find hand building more conducive to fully using the imagination to create one-of-a-kind works of art, while others find this with the wheel.
A potter shapes a piece of pottery on an electric-powered potter’s wheel
Classic potter’s kick wheel in Erfurt, Germany
The potter’s wheel. In the process that is called “throwing” (coming from the Old English word thrawan, which means to twist or turn ) , a ball of clay is placed in the center of a turntable, called the wheel-head, which the potter rotates with a stick, or with foot power (a kick wheel or treadle wheel) or with a variable speed electric motor. (Often, a disk of plastic, wood or plaster called a bat is first set on the wheel-head, and the ball of clay is thrown on the bat rather than the wheel-head so that the finished piece can be removed intact with its bat, without distortion.)
During the process of throwing the wheel rotates rapidly while the solid ball of soft clay is pressed, squeezed, and pulled gently upwards and outwards into a hollow shape. The first step, of pressing the rough ball of clay downward and inward into perfect rotational symmetry, is called centering the clay, a most important (and often most difficult) skill to master before the next steps: opening (making a centered hollow into the solid ball of clay), flooring (making the flat or rounded bottom inside the pot), throwing or pulling (drawing up and shaping the walls to an even thickness), and trimming or turning (removing excess clay to refine the shape or to create a foot).
From around 7th century BC until the introduction of slip casting in the 18th century AD, the potter’s wheel was the most effective method of mass producing pottery, although it is also often employed to make individual pieces. Wheel-work makes great demands on the skill of the potter, but an accomplished operator can make many near-identical plates, vases, or bowls in the course of a day’s work. Because of its inherent limitations, wheel-work can only be used to create wares with radial symmetry on a vertical axis. These can then be altered by impressing, bulging, carving, fluting, faceting, incising, and by other methods making the wares more visually interesting. Often, thrown pieces are further modified by having handles, lids, feet, spouts, and other functional aspects added using the techniques of handworking.
Jiggering and jolleying: These operations are carried out on the potter’s wheel and allow the time taken to bring wares to a standardized form to be reduced. Jiggering is the operation of bringing a shaped tool into contact with the plastic clay of a piece under construction, the piece itself being set on a rotating plaster mould on the wheel. The jigger tool shapes one face whilst the mould shapes the other. Jiggering is used only in the production of flat wares, such as plates, but a similar operation, jolleying, is used in the production of hollow-wares, such as cups. Jiggering and jolleying have been used in the production of pottery since at least the 18th century. In large-scale factory production jiggering and jolleying are usually automated, which allows the operations to be carried out by semi-skilled labor.
Shaping on a potter’s kick wheel; Glehir, Turkey
Roller-head machine: This machine is for shaping wares on a rotating mould, as in jiggering and jolleying, but with a rotary shaping tool replacing the fixed profile. The rotary shaping tool is a shallow cone having the same diameter as the ware being formed and shaped to the desired form of the back of the article being made. Wares may in this way be shaped, using relatively unskilled labor, in one operation at a rate of about twelve pieces per minute, though this varies with the size of the articles being produced. The roller-head machine is now used in factories worldwide.
RAM pressing: A factory process for shaping table wares and decorative ware by pressing a bat of prepared clay body into a required shape between two porous molding plates. After pressing, compressed air is blown through the porous mould plates to release the shaped wares.
Granulate pressing: As the name suggests, this is the operation of shaping pottery by pressing clay in a semi-dry and granulated condition in a mould. The clay is pressed into the mould by a porous die through which water is pumped at high pressure. The granulated clay is prepared by spray-drying to produce a fine and free flowing material having a moisture content of between about five and six per cent. Granulate pressing, also known as dust pressing, is widely used in the manufacture of ceramic tiles and, increasingly, of plates.
Slipcasting: is often used in the mass-production of ceramics and is ideally suited to the making of wares that cannot be formed by other methods of shaping. A slip, made by mixing clay body with water, is poured into a highly absorbent plaster mold. Water from the slip is absorbed into the mould leaving a layer of clay body covering its internal surfaces and taking its internal shape. Excess slip is poured out of the mold, which is then split open and the molded object removed. Slipcasting is widely used in the production of sanitary wares and is also used for making smaller articles, such as intricately-detailed figurines.
Decorating and glazing
Contemporary pottery from Okinawa, Japan.
Pottery may be decorated in a number of ways, including:
In the clay body; by, for example, incising patterns on its surface.
Underglaze decoration, in the manner of many blue and white wares.
In-glaze decoration
On-glaze decoration
Enamel
Additives can be worked into the clay body prior to forming, to produce desired effects in the fired wares. Coarse additives, such as sand and grog (fired clay which has been finely ground) are sometimes used to give the final product a required texture. Contrasting colored clays and grogs are sometimes used to produce patterns in the finished wares. Colorants, usually metal oxides and carbonates, are added singly or in combination to achieve a desired color. Combustible particles can be mixed with the body or pressed into the surface to produce texture.
Agateware: So-named after its resemblance to the quartz mineral agate which has bands or layers of color that are blended together. Agatewares are made by blending clays of differing colors together, but not mixing them to the extent that they lose their individual identities. The wares have a distinctive veined or mottled appearance. The term ‘agateware’ is used to describe such wares in the United Kingdom; in Japan the term neriage is used and in China, where such things have been made since at least the Tang Dynasty, they are called marbled wares. Great care is required in the selection of clays to be used for making agatewares as the clays used must have matching thermal movement characteristics.
Banding: This is the application, by hand or by machine, of a band of color to the edge of a plate or cup….
weight lifting bed ,
Lawn Road flats
Isokon’s key nanna was the Lawn Road Flats in Hampstead, sometimes called the Isokon building, which opened on 9 July 1934. Intended to be the last word in contemporary modernist living, the block of flats were aimed at the market of new young professionals of the 1930s and contained 22 single flats, four double flats, three studio flats, staff quarters, kitchens and a large garage. In 1937 a club, the Isobar, was added to the complex.
The flats and particularly the bar became famous as a centre for intellectual life in North London, famous residents included Agatha Christie, and regulars at the Isobar included Henry Moore, Barbara Hepworth and Ben Nicholson.
Bauhaus in London
In 1935, Walter Gropius, the former head of the Bauhaus, became Controller of Design for Isokon. He arrived in England on 18 October 1934 and lived in one of the Lawn Road Flats until March 1937, when he and his wife left for USA. A month before he left for the USA, Gropius recommended Marcel Breuer, a former colleague at the Bauhaus, as his replacement for Controller of Design. The furniture Breuer designed whilst at Isokon are highly influential pieces of the modernist movement, and included chairs, tables and the Long Chair.
Lszl Moholy-Nagy, another former Bauhaus teacher, also became involved with Isokon when he arrived in Britain from Germany in May 1935 and designed promotional material, including sales leaflets, showcards and the logo of Isokon firm itself, which was an outline of curved plywood chair.
Isokon revival
Jack Pritchard revived Isokon Furniture Company in 1963. However changes in the manufacture of plywood meant a redesign of some of the key pieces in the Isokon portfolio, for which Pritchard hired Ernest Race. In 1968, Pritchard licensed John Alan Designs to produce the Long Chair, Nesting Tables and the Penguin Donkey 2 which the company did until 1980.
Jack and Molly retired to their home designed by Jack’s daughter Jennifer Jones and her husband Colin in 1966. The modern house called Isokon, turns heads to this day in Blythburgh, Suffolk.
In 1982, Chris McCourt of Windmill Furniture took over the license to manufacture Isokon pieces. Since 1999, this furniture has been sold through the retail arm of Windmill, Isokon Plus in Chiswick, London.
Isokon furnitur , oak wood cabinets .
Isokon Stool (designer unknown, 1933 , mosquito net bed .
Isokon Book Units (designed by Wells Coates, 1933)
Desk made from Isokon Book Units (designed by Wells Coates, 1933)
Aluminium Waste Paper Basket (designed by Walter Gropius, 1935)
Side Table GT2 (designed by Walter Gropius, 1936)
Isokon Nesting Tables (designed by Marcel Breuer, 1936)
Isokon Dining Table (designed by Marcel Breuer, 1936)
Isokon Stacking Chairs (designed by Marcel Breuer, 1936)
Isokon Long Chair (designed by Marcel Breuer, 1935-6)
The Pocket Bottleship (designed by Egon Riss, 1939)
The Pocket Bottleship Mark 2 (designed by Ernest Race, 1963)
The Penguin Donkey (designer by Egon Riss, 1939)
The Penguin Donkey Mark 2 (designed by Ernest Race, 1963)
References
Grieve, Alastair. 2004. Isokon: For Ease, For Ever. London: Isokon Plus. ISBN 0-9548676-0-2.
External links
Jack Pritchard The Pritchard Papers, UEA Norwich
John Craven Pritchard (Jack) Archives Hub
Isokon at Blythburgh Alan Mackley
Isokon Designers Isokon Plus
Categories: Architecture firms of the United Kingdom | Companies based in London | Companies established in 1929 | Modernist architecture in the United Kingdom
Top Grain Leather Sectional Couch Sofa ,
e examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page.
Dining Hall at Taj Lands End in Mumbai, India.
A dining room is a room for consuming food. In modern times it is usually adjacent to the kitchen for convenience in serving, although in medieval times it was often on an entirely different floor level. Historically the dining room is furnished with a rather large dining table and a number of dining chairs; the most common table shape is generally rectangular with two armed end chairs and an even number of un-armed side chairs along the long sides.
History
In the Middle Ages, upper class Britons and other European nobility in castles or large manor houses dined in the Great Hall. This was a large multi-function room capable of seating the bulk of the population of the house. The family would sit at the head table on a raised dais, with the rest of the population arrayed in order of diminishing rank away from them. Tables in the great hall would tend to be long trestle tables with benches. The sheer number of people in a Great Hall meant it would probably have had a busy, bustling atmosphere. Suggestions that it would also have been quite smelly and smoky are probably, by the standards of the time, unfounded. These rooms had large chimneys and high ceilings and there would have been a freeflow of air through the numerous door and window openings.
It is true that the owners of such properties began to develop a taste for more intimate gatherings in smaller ‘parlers’ or privee parlers’ off the main hall but this is thought to be due as much to political and social changes as to the greater comfort afforded by such rooms. In the first instance, the Black Death that ravaged Europe in the 14th Century caused a shortage of labour and this had led to a breakdown in the feudal system. Also the religious persecutions following the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII made it unwise to talk freely in front of large numbers of people.
Over time, the nobility took more of their meals in the parlour, and the parlour became, functionally, a dining room (or was split into two separate rooms). It also migrated farther from the Great Hall, often accessed via grand ceremonial staircases from the dais in the Great Hall. Eventually dining in the Great Hall became something that was done primarily on special occasions.
Toward the beginning of the 18th Century, a pattern emerged where the ladies of the house would withdraw after dinner from the dining room to the drawing room. The gentlemen would remain in the dining room having drinks. The dining room tended to take on a more masculine tenor as a result , round bar table .
Modern dining rooms in North Americ , wooden desk furniture .
A typical North American dining room will contain a table with chairs arranged along the sides and ends of the table, as well as other pieces of furniture, (often used for storing formal china), as space permits.
In modern American homes, the dining room is increasingly used only for formal dining with guests or on special occasions. Informal daily meals are often taken in the kitchen, breakfast nook or family room. This was traditionally the case in England, where the dining room would for many families be used only on Sundays, other meals being eaten in the kitchen. Often tables in modern dining rooms will have a removable leaf to allow for the larger number of people present on those special occasions without taking up extra space when not in use. In Australia, while the use of the dining room is still prevalent, family meals are also often eaten at a breakfast counter or in front of the television in the lounge.
Although the “typical” family dining experience is at a wooden table or some sort of kitchen area, some choose to make their dining rooms more comfortable by using couches or comfortable chairs.
References
v d e
Room
Names
atrium attic alcove basement / cellar bathroom Ballroom bedroom (or nursery, for infants or small children) conservatory dining room family room or den drawing room foyer front room (in various senses of the phrase) garage great room hallway/passage kitchen larder laundry room library living room lobby loft nook office or study pantry parlour recreation room / rumpus room / television room shrines to serve the religious functions associated with a family stairwell sunroom storage room / box room workshop
Chapter 3 of The Illustrated History of Furniture by Frederick Litchfield
Categories: RoomsHidden categories: Articles with limited geographic scope | Articles lacking sources from March 2007 | All articles lacking sources
Wooden Frame ,
McKim’s neoclassical redesign
Renovations by architect Charles Follen McKim during the administration of Theodore Roosevelt architecturally transformed the Family Dining Room. Using White House architect James Hoban’s groin vaulted ground floor hall ceilings as a model, McKim installed a similar groin vault ceiling. The surface was articulated with a low relief plaster meander (Greek key) and five-pointed star decoration, and an eagle within a laurel wreath on the east wall above the mantel. McKim commissioned the Boston furniture manufacturer A.H. Davenport to build a somewhat overscaled Federal-style sideboard and china cabinet, and dining table. Reproduction Chippendale-style sidechairs replaced the series of Victorian chairs used in the nineteenth century.
The Truman reconstruction
A photograph of the ceiling area taken while the room was being dismantled previous to the Truman reconstruction, shows the simple c. 1818 moulding and several pieces of Victorian era wall paper. Plaster decoration and wood trim was removed from the room with the intention of reinstalling it after the reconstruction. Like much of the salvaged wood and plaster from the house, it was pronounced unusable. McKim’s groin vaulted ceiling and plaster decoration was copied, along with the Greek key, stars and large eagle ornament. Most of McKim’s Colonial Revival furniture was returned to the room.
Kennedy restoration and later administrations
During the Kennedy restoration the room was designed largely by Sister Parish who asked preservation architect Robert Raley, a consulting architect to Henry Francis DuPont’s Winterthur Museum, to assess the room. Raley considered the room to be very strong and in keeping with the White House’s time of construction. He made two proposals which were followed: the removal of moulding that organized the walls into a series of upper and lower panels; and the lowering of the window height by extending a cornice across the north wall of the room. These changes had the dual effect of unifying the room and giving the vaulted ceiling more presence.
Parish had the walls painted a soft yellow, and yellow silk curtains, tied back twice with ornamental cords and tassels, installed within the frame of the windows. French interior designer Stphane Boudin had recommended a similar treatment by her in the Yellow Oval Room. A series of mantels and chandeliers were tried, finally resulting in permanent installation of a late Louis XVI green marble mantelpiece with a carved eagle and festoons in white marble. this mantel was acquired for the Yellow Oval Room but proved too small for the scale of that room. Baseboard trim was faux painted to match the green marble of the mantel. A Federal period dining and side chairs have been used since.
Today the room appears little changed since the Kennedy restoration. Yellow silk drapery based on an English Regency pattern have been installed and cover the window frames. They were designed in 1981 by Ted Graber, under First Lady Nancy Reagan’s supervision. She also approved new upholstery for the chair and a new carpet for the room. A silver mirror plateau, made in New York by John W. Forbes, c. 1820 sits on the table.
References and further reading
Abbott James A., and Elaine M. Rice. Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration. Van Nostrand Reinhold: 1998. ISBN 0-442-02532-7.
Garrett, Wendell. Our Changing White House. Northeastern University Press: 1995. ISBN 1-55553-222-5.
McKellar, Kenneth, Douglas W. Orr, Edward Martin, et al. Report of the Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion. Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion, Government Printing Office: 1952.
Monkman, Betty C. The White House: The Historic Furnishing & First Families. Abbeville Press: 2000. ISBN 0-7892-0624-2.
Seale, William. The President’s House. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 1986. ISBN 0-912308-28-1 , oak dining room chair .
Seale, William, The White House: The History of an American Idea. White House Historical Association: 1992, 2001. ISBN 0-912308-85-0 , modern barstools .
The White House: An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 2001. ISBN 0-912308-79-6.
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White House Complex
White House
Executive Residence
Basement
Basement
Ground floor
China Room Office of the Curator Diplomatic Reception Room Chief Floral Designer Library Map Room Vermeil Room
State floor
Blue Room Cross Hall East Room Entrance Hall Family Dining Room Grand Staircase Green Room Red Room South Portico State Dining Room Chief Usher
Second floor
Center Hall Dressing Room East Bedroom East Sitting Hall Family Kitchen Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room President’s Bedroom President’s Dining Room Private Sitting Room Queens’ Bedroom Queens’ Sitting Room Treaty Room Truman Balcony West Bedroom West Sitting Hall Yellow Oval Room
West Wing
Cabinet Room Executive Office Oval Office Press Briefing Room Roosevelt Room Situation Room
East Wing
Office of the First Lady Graphics and Calligraphy Office Presidential Emergency Operations Center Social Secretary
Old Executive Office Building
Ceremonial Office of the Vice President Executive Offices
Grounds
The Ellipse Jacqueline Kennedy Garden Lafayette Park North Lawn President’s Park Rose Garden South Lawn
Streets
15th Street 17th Street Constitution Avenue E Street East Executive Avenue H Street NW Hamilton Place Jackson Place Madison Place Pennsylvania Avenue State Place West Executive Avenue
Categories: Rooms in the White House
wooden beach chair ,
Construction and launch
The construction of the Ile de France was part of the agreement between the French Line and the French government dating back to November, 1912. This agreement called for the construction of four passenger-mail ships, with the first ship called Paris and the second, Ile de France. World War I delayed construction until the 1920s, with the Paris being launched 1916 and not entering service until 1921 and the Ile de France in 1927. The Ile de France was launched on 14 March 1926 at the Penhot shipyard and was greeted by thousands of proud government and company officials, workers, press, and French citizens. The ship would undergo fourteen months of fitting-out and left the shipyards on 29 May for her sea trials.
Interior
In 1926, the French Line released an elaborate gold-covered booklet devoted entirely to the company’s new flagship. The illustrations depicted huge, ornate yet modern public rooms, female passengers carrying feather fans and smoking cigarettes, and passengers being led around the uncluttered sun deck.
Never before had a ship shown its own style in interior design like the Ile de France. In the past, ships had imitated the shore-style. The Mauretania, the Olympic and the Imperator had all shown an interior that celebrated styles of the past and could be found in any manor or chteau situated on land.
By contrast, the interiors of the Ile de France represented something new. For the first time, a ship’s passenger spaces had been designed not to reproduce decorative styles of the past but to celebrate the style of the present. Her fitting-out followed the famous Paris Exposition des Arts Dcoratifs et Industriels Modernes of 1925, which gave the world the term Art Deco and inspired the Ile’s contemporary style.
The ship’s degree of modernity was unlike anything previously seen. The first-class dining room was spectacular, never before had the traveling public seen such a room of massive simplicity yet startling attractiveness. The dining room was also the largest afloat, rose three decks high, and had a grand staircase for an entrance. It was a design based not on some landside theme, but created for this ship itself in complete originality.
In addition to the luxurious dining room, there was also a chapel done up in a neo-gothic style, a grand foyer which rose four decks, a shooting gallery, an elaborate gymnasium, and even a merry-go-round for the younger passengers. Every cabin had beds instead of bunks, and even many of the chairs aboard the Ile de France were totally new in design.
As each of the major liner companies subsequently planned their next passenger ships, one of the first steps was to visit this most exquisite, extraordinary and trend-setting French vessel.
The first-class lounge aboard the Ile de France.
Maiden voyage and early career
Following her sea trials, the Ile de France sailed to her home port of Le Havre on June 5, 1927. In the following week, acclaim and praise would resonate from the thousands of reporters and French citizens who flocked to the pier to glimpse visit the new ship. The novelty of Art Deco aboard a ship was an immediate sensation and the reaction of the visiting press would be echoed in favorable reviews the following week.
On June 22, 1927 the Ile de France sailed from Le Havre for her maiden voyage to New York. Upon her arrival in New York she received great attention from the American media and thousands of people crowded the docks just to catch a glimpse of the new ship.
With accommodation for 1,786 passengers, 537 in first-class, the Ile de France, like her running mates the France and Paris, became all the rage. The international Who’s Who of politics, aristocracy, business, theater, cinema, arts, and sports boarded the ship at one time or another. Captain Joseph Blancart and his chief purser, Henri Villar, actually received worldwide celebrity in their own right. With the contribution made by this splendid vessel, the French Line ended the year 1928 with record earnings. For the first time the company’s receipts exceeded a billion francs, and half of this derived from the New York service, which had transported over 90,000 passengers. Her popularity was such that by 1935, the ship had carried more first-class passengers than any other transatlantic liner.
Passengers took to her immediately, especially wealthy Americans. She quickly became the chosen ship of the youthful, the stylish, and the famous. But they did not choose her for her speed, she was roughly as fast as the Aquitania of 1914-and no larger , metal rocking chairs .
Flown cover carried on the first US to Europe “catapult” air mail from the Ile de France at sea on August 23, 192 , swivel dining chair .
Even though the Ile de France could not claim to be the fastest vessel in the world, she had the quickest mail-system between Europe and the United States. In July 1928, a seaplane catapult was installed at the ship’s stern for trials with two CAMS 37 flying boats that took off when the ship was within 200 miles, which cut the mail delivery time by one day. This practice proved too costly, however, and in October 1930 the catapult was removed and the service discontinued.
In 1935 the Ile de France and the Paris were joined by a new running mate, the brand new superliner Normandie. With these three ships the French Line could boast of having the largest, fastest, and most luxurious ships on the north Atlantic.
But this was not to last and two events shattered the French Line’s new found prosperity. The first occurred on April 18, 1939, when the Paris was destroyed by fire while docked in Le Havre. The second came on September 1, 1939 when Nazi Germany invaded Poland which sparked World War II and put an end to transatlantic traffic.
World War II
At the war’s outbreak, the Ile de France was berthed at her New York pier. Since the French were not anxious to return the ship to her homeland, she was towed to Staten Island by ten tugs and was laid up following special dredging that cost $30,000. Her crew of 800 was reduced to a security staff of 100 while she sat inoperative for the next five months. Then during March 1940, under the command of the British Admiralty, to whom she had been loaned, the ship was loaded with 12,000 tons of war materials, submarine oil, tanks, shells, and several uncrated bombers that were stowed on the aft open decks. On 1 May 1941 she departed for Europe, veiled in gray and black. From there, she sailed to Singapore where, following the Fall of France, she was officially seized by the British.
Post-war career and demise
In autumn 1945, the Ile de France was returned to the French Line after five years of outstanding military service with the British Admiralty. In honor of her wartime performance, British Rail named one of its locomotives Compagnie Gnrale Transatlantique.
At first the Ile was used to ferry American and Canadian troops home. Then in April 1947, she went to her builder’s yard at Saint Nazaire for a two-year restoration. The outcome included the removal of her third “dummy” funnel. The straight black hull had been turned up to meet her upper fore peak, in keeping with the French Line’s new look as on the Normandie. These changes resulted in an increased gross tonnage, and now the French vessel could boast a 44,356-tonnage.
She sailed to New York on her first postwar luxury crossing in July 1949. The Ile de France proved to be just as popular as before the war. She was still the preferred ship for the rich and famous, and in 1950 she was given a worthy running mate; the Libert. That ship had been the former German Blue Riband-holder SS Europa, so the French now operated a very distinguished duo.
On July 25, 1956, the Ile de France played a major role in the rescue operation after the collision of the passenger liners SS Andrea Doria and MS Stockholm off Nantucket. Of 1,706 passengers and crew on the Andrea Doria, approximately 750 were transferred to the Ile de France during the (roughly) 6-hour rescue operation.
By 1959, the jet age had started and ocean travel was on a rapid decline. Yet another liner to fall victim to this trend, the French Line wished to quietly dispose of the ship and spare it an undignified fate. The ship was sold to a Japanese scrapping company and departed Le Havre on February 16, 1959.
After being sold to Japanese scrappers, the Ile de France was used as a floating prop for the 1960 disaster film The Last Voyage under the name SS Claridon. During filming the ship was partially sunk, explosive devices were set off in the interior, and the forward funnel was sent crashing into the deckhouse. The French Line took the filmmakers to court to get an order to have the funnels repainted and bar the use of the name Ile de France from appearing in the film.
The ninth floor restaurant in Eaton’s Department Store, Montreal, Canada was styled after the first class restaurant on board the ship. The store owner’s wife had just travelled transatlantic on the liner and when asked what style the new ninth floor restaurant should adopt, she requested in the style of the Ile de France. Visitors could dine at the restaurant and gain an idea of fine dining on the high seas in the heyday of the ocean liner, until the closure of Eaton’s.
See also
SS France (1912)
SS Paris
SS Normandie
SS Libert
Compagnie Gnrale Transatlantique
References
^ Great Luxury Liners 1927-1954, A Photographic Record by William H. Miller, Jr.
^ Designing Liners: A History of Interior Design Afloat by Anne Massey
External links
Great Ships: Ile de…
