Label

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Attachment

Labels can be attached by:

Heat activated adhesives: for example, “in-mold labeling” can be part of blow molding containers and employs heat activated adhesives. Hot melt adhesives are also used.

Pressure sensitive adhesives (also called PSA or self-stick) are applied with light pressure without activation or heat. PSA labels often have release liners which protect the adhesive and assist label handling.

Rivets used to attach information plates to industrial equipmen , heat transfer machines .

Shrink wrap for printed shrinkable labels placed over packages and then heated to shrink the , t shirts transfer .

Sewing for clothing, tents, mattresses, industrial sacks, etc.

Wet glue (starch, dextrin, PVA [disambiguation needed], etc) or water moistenable gummed adhesive

Yarn or twine for tying on a label

PSA Adhesive types

Pressure sensitive label adhesives are commonly made from water based acrylic adhesives, with a smaller volume made using solvent based adhesives and hotmelt adhesives. The most common adhesive types are:

Permanent - Typically not designed to be removed without tearing the stock, damaging the surface, or using solvents. The adhesion strength and speed can also be varied. For example, full adhesion can be nearly instant, or the label can be almost removable for a short period with full adhesion developing in minutes or hours (known as respositionable adhesives).

Peelable - Adhesion is fairly strong and will not fall off in normal circumstances, but the label can be removed relatively easily without tearing the base stock or leaving adhesive behind on the old surface. The adhesive is usually strong enough to be applied again elsewhere. This type is frequently known as ‘removable’. There are many different types of removable adhesives, some are almost permanent, some are almost ‘ultra peelable’.

Ultra-peelable - Designed principally for use on book covers and glass, when removed these adhesives labels do not leave any residue whatsoever. Adhesion is weak and only suitable for light duty applications. Normally these labels have very little adhesion to anything once they’ve been removed.

Freezer or Frost fix - Most permanent and peelable adhesives have a service temperature limit of -10 degrees Celsius, whereas freezer (otherwise known as frost fix) adhesives have a service temperature -40 degrees Celsius and are suitable for deep freeze use.

High Tack - A type of permanent adhesive that exhibits a high initial grab to the application surfaces, and is commonly used at higher coat weights to enable labels to adhere strongly to difficult, rough or dirty surfaces.

Static Cling - This is not actually an adhesive at all. The material (usually PVA) has a static charge to enable its adhesion to flat, smooth surfaces such as glass. It is not sticky as such and is commonly used for window advertising, window decorations, oil change labels, etc.

Stock types

The “label stock” is the carrier which is commonly coated on one side with adhesive and usually printed on the other side. Label stocks can be a wide variety of papers, films, fabric, foils, etc.

Puffy - either water, gel, foam, or air-filled create a soft, raised sticker.

Litho - one of the most common base stocks

Latex - a litho stock with some added latex allows the label to be much more flexible and form around certain curved objects more easily than standard litho.

Various plastics such as acetate, vinyl, and PET film allow a variety of features, such as greater strength, flexibility [disambiguation needed], transparency, resistance to tearing, etc. They typically require special equipment and printing methods (ultra-violet curing is common) as they do not normally print well with conventional ink. A bumper sticker is usually a vinyl label with a very strong, durable adhesive and lightfast inks. Embossing tape is “printed” by pressing raised elements similar to printing type onto it, which produces raised glyphs that look white due to discoloration of the plastic. A type known as ‘Destructible Vinyl’ is commonly used for asset labels. It combines a very thin frangible face stock with a very strong high tack adhesive, thus making the label impossible to remove without damaging it.

Foil - has the shiny properties of a metal foil.

Thermal - direct thermal label stock will change color (usually black) when heated. A heating element in the shape of letters or images can be used to create an image on the label. Custom labels can be easily be made on location in this way. A disadvantage is durability, because another heat source can ruin or obscure the image, or it may fade completely over time.

Thermal Transfer for applications that cannot use Thermal (Thermal Direct) label material because of heat source proximity or short label life, a more widely used material is Thermal Transfer Label printer. This material has the advantage of a much longer readable life and does not fade with time or heat. Most major manufacturers of Thermal Printers can be used for either Thermal Transfer (TT) or Thermal (DT) labels. A thermal transfer ribbon will be required to print the labels. The cost of the ribbons + TT labels is similar to that of the DT labels on their own.

None - labels can be printed directly on adhesive without using a substrate. Labels made in this manner are extremely fragile, however, and have been rendered virtually obsolete by other printing methods such as silk screen.

Thermal Transfer Ribbon Types

Wax is the most popular with some smudge resistance, and is suitable for matte and semi-gloss paper labels.

Wax / Resin is smudge resistant, suitable for semi-gloss paper and some synthetic labels.

Resin is scratch and chemical resistant, suitable for coated synthetic labels.

The stock type will affect the types of ink that will print well on them.

Corona treating or flame treating some plastics makes them more receptive to inks and adhesives by reducing surface tension.

Application and use

A typical off-line label printer

Labels can be supplied:

separately

on a roll

on a sheet

Many labels are pre-printed by the manufacturer. Other have printing applied manually or automatically at the time of application.

Some labels have protective overcoats, laminates, or tape to cover them after the final print is applied. This is sometimes before application and sometimes after.

Labels are often difficult to peel and apply. Most companies use a Label dispenser to speed up this task.

Specialized high speed application equipment is available for certain uses.

A typical Label dispenser

Color

Ink and base stock color choices commonly conform to the Pantone Matching System (PMS) colors. The Pantone system is very dominant in the label printing industry. Additionally specialty inks such as metallic, UV ink, magnetic ink, and more are available. Ink is usually transparent however it can be made opaque. It has been known for certain companies to patent “their own” color. . Digital labels use process colors to replicate Pantone solid colors.

Specialized labels

Piggyback labels are made from combining two layers of adhesive substrate . The bottom layer forms the backing for the top. The label can be applied to any object as normal, the top layer can be a removable label that can be applied elsewhere, which may change the message or marking on the remaining label underneath. Often used on Express mail envelopes.

Asset Labels / Tags are used for marking fixed and non-fixed assets. They are usually tamper-evident, permanent or frangible and usually contain a barcode for electronic identification using readers.

Blockout labels are not see-through at all, concealing what lies underneath with a strong gray adhesive.

Radioactive labels The use of radioactive isotopes of chemical elements, such as carbon-14, to allow the in vivo tracking of chemical compounds.

Laser Labels are generally die cut on 8.5″ x 11″ sheets, and come in many different shapes, sizes, and materials. Laser label material is a nonporous stock made to withstand the intense heat of laser printers and copiers.

Inkjet Labels are generally die cut on 8.5″ x 11″ sheets (US letter) and a4 size, and come in many different shapes, sizes, and materials. Inkjet label material is a porous stock made to accept ink and dye from your inkjet printer. One of the more modern inkjet label material stocks is waterproof printable inkjet material commonly used for soap or shower gel containers.

Security Labels are used for Anti-counterfeiting, Brand protection, tamper-evident seals, etc. These combine a number of overt and covert features to make reproduction difficult. The use of security printing, Holography, Embossing, bar codes, RFID chips, custom printing, weak (or weakened) backings, etc. is common. They are used for authentication, theft reduction, and protection against counterfeit and are commonly used on ID cards, credit cards, packaging, and products from CDs to electronics to clothing.

AntiMicrobial Labels With the growth in hospital acquired infections such as MRSA and E-Coli the use of Antimicrobial labels in infection sensitive areas of hospitals are helping in combating these types of microbes.

Uses

Stickers

Stickers are very widely used when an object requires identification with a word or idea. Brand stickers may be attached to products to identify these products as coming from a certain company. They may also be used to describe characteristics of the products that would not be obvious from simple examination. A Label dispenser…