Flocking Transfer Paper Film Sheet / Standard Blank Colors ,
Background
Pottery is made by forming a clay body into objects of a required shape and heating them to high temperatures in a kiln to induce reactions that lead to permanent changes, including increasing their strength and hardening and setting their shape. There are wide regional variations in the properties of clays used by potters and this often helps to produce wares that are unique in character to a locality. It is common for clays and other minerals to be mixed to produce clay bodies suited to specific purposes.
Prior to some shaping processes, air trapped within the clay body needs to be removed. This is called de-airing and can be accomplished by a machine called a vacuum pug or manually by wedging. Wedging can also help to ensure an even moisture content throughout the body. Once a clay body has been de-aired or wedged, it is shaped by a variety of techniques. After shaping it is dried before firing. There are a number of stages in the drying process. Leather-hard refers to the stage when the clay object is approximately 75-85% dry. Clay bodies at this stage are very firm and only slightly pliable. Trimming and handle attachment often occurs at the leather-hard state. Clay bodies are said to be “bone-dry” when they reach a moisture content at or near 0%. Unfired objects are often termed greenware. Clay bodies at this stage are very fragile and hence can be easily broken.
Methods of shaping
A man shapes pottery as it turns on a wheel. (Cappadocia, Turkey) , film transfer .
The potter’s most basic tools are the hand, but many additional tools have been developed over the long history of pottery manufacture, including the potter’s wheel and turntable, shaping tools (paddles, anvils, ribs), rolling tools (roulettes, slab rollers, rolling pins), cutting/piercing tools (knives, fluting tools, wires) and finishing tools (burnishing stones, rasps, chamois) , decal paper .
Pottery can be shaped by a range of methods that include:
Handwork pottery in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Handwork or hand building. This is the earliest and the most individualized and direct forming method. Wares can be constructed by hand from coils of clay, from flat slabs of clay, from solid balls of clay or some combination of these. Parts of hand-built vessels are often joined together with the aid of slurry or slip, a runny mixture of clay and water. Hand building is slower and more gradual than wheel-throwing, but it offers the potter a high degree of control over the size and shape of wares. While it isn’t difficult for an experienced potter to make identical pieces of hand-built pottery, the speed and repetitiveness of wheel-throwing is more suitable for making precisely matched sets of wares such as table wares. Some studio potters find hand building more conducive to fully using the imagination to create one-of-a-kind works of art, while others find this with the wheel.
A potter shapes a piece of pottery on an electric-powered potter’s wheel
Classic potter’s kick wheel in Erfurt, Germany
The potter’s wheel. In the process that is called “throwing” (coming from the Old English word thrawan, which means to twist or turn ) , a ball of clay is placed in the center of a turntable, called the wheel-head, which the potter rotates with a stick, or with foot power (a kick wheel or treadle wheel) or with a variable speed electric motor. (Often, a disk of plastic, wood or plaster called a bat is first set on the wheel-head, and the ball of clay is thrown on the bat rather than the wheel-head so that the finished piece can be removed intact with its bat, without distortion.)
During the process of throwing the wheel rotates rapidly while the solid ball of soft clay is pressed, squeezed, and pulled gently upwards and outwards into a hollow shape. The first step, of pressing the rough ball of clay downward and inward into perfect rotational symmetry, is called centering the clay, a most important (and often most difficult) skill to master before the next steps: opening (making a centered hollow into the solid ball of clay), flooring (making the flat or rounded bottom inside the pot), throwing or pulling (drawing up and shaping the walls to an even thickness), and trimming or turning (removing excess clay to refine the shape or to create a foot).
From around 7th century BC until the introduction of slip casting in the 18th century AD, the potter’s wheel was the most effective method of mass producing pottery, although it is also often employed to make individual pieces. Wheel-work makes great demands on the skill of the potter, but an accomplished operator can make many near-identical plates, vases, or bowls in the course of a day’s work. Because of its inherent limitations, wheel-work can only be used to create wares with radial symmetry on a vertical axis. These can then be altered by impressing, bulging, carving, fluting, faceting, incising, and by other methods making the wares more visually interesting. Often, thrown pieces are further modified by having handles, lids, feet, spouts, and other functional aspects added using the techniques of handworking.
Jiggering and jolleying: These operations are carried out on the potter’s wheel and allow the time taken to bring wares to a standardized form to be reduced. Jiggering is the operation of bringing a shaped tool into contact with the plastic clay of a piece under construction, the piece itself being set on a rotating plaster mould on the wheel. The jigger tool shapes one face whilst the mould shapes the other. Jiggering is used only in the production of flat wares, such as plates, but a similar operation, jolleying, is used in the production of hollow-wares, such as cups. Jiggering and jolleying have been used in the production of pottery since at least the 18th century. In large-scale factory production jiggering and jolleying are usually automated, which allows the operations to be carried out by semi-skilled labor.
Shaping on a potter’s kick wheel; Glehir, Turkey
Roller-head machine: This machine is for shaping wares on a rotating mould, as in jiggering and jolleying, but with a rotary shaping tool replacing the fixed profile. The rotary shaping tool is a shallow cone having the same diameter as the ware being formed and shaped to the desired form of the back of the article being made. Wares may in this way be shaped, using relatively unskilled labor, in one operation at a rate of about twelve pieces per minute, though this varies with the size of the articles being produced. The roller-head machine is now used in factories worldwide.
RAM pressing: A factory process for shaping table wares and decorative ware by pressing a bat of prepared clay body into a required shape between two porous molding plates. After pressing, compressed air is blown through the porous mould plates to release the shaped wares.
Granulate pressing: As the name suggests, this is the operation of shaping pottery by pressing clay in a semi-dry and granulated condition in a mould. The clay is pressed into the mould by a porous die through which water is pumped at high pressure. The granulated clay is prepared by spray-drying to produce a fine and free flowing material having a moisture content of between about five and six per cent. Granulate pressing, also known as dust pressing, is widely used in the manufacture of ceramic tiles and, increasingly, of plates.
Slipcasting: is often used in the mass-production of ceramics and is ideally suited to the making of wares that cannot be formed by other methods of shaping. A slip, made by mixing clay body with water, is poured into a highly absorbent plaster mold. Water from the slip is absorbed into the mould leaving a layer of clay body covering its internal surfaces and taking its internal shape. Excess slip is poured out of the mold, which is then split open and the molded object removed. Slipcasting is widely used in the production of sanitary wares and is also used for making smaller articles, such as intricately-detailed figurines.
Decorating and glazing
Contemporary pottery from Okinawa, Japan.
Pottery may be decorated in a number of ways, including:
In the clay body; by, for example, incising patterns on its surface.
Underglaze decoration, in the manner of many blue and white wares.
In-glaze decoration
On-glaze decoration
Enamel
Additives can be worked into the clay body prior to forming, to produce desired effects in the fired wares. Coarse additives, such as sand and grog (fired clay which has been finely ground) are sometimes used to give the final product a required texture. Contrasting colored clays and grogs are sometimes used to produce patterns in the finished wares. Colorants, usually metal oxides and carbonates, are added singly or in combination to achieve a desired color. Combustible particles can be mixed with the body or pressed into the surface to produce texture.
Agateware: So-named after its resemblance to the quartz mineral agate which has bands or layers of color that are blended together. Agatewares are made by blending clays of differing colors together, but not mixing them to the extent that they lose their individual identities. The wares have a distinctive veined or mottled appearance. The term ‘agateware’ is used to describe such wares in the United Kingdom; in Japan the term neriage is used and in China, where such things have been made since at least the Tang Dynasty, they are called marbled wares. Great care is required in the selection of clays to be used for making agatewares as the clays used must have matching thermal movement characteristics.
Banding: This is the application, by hand or by machine, of a band of color to the edge of a plate or cup….
weight lifting bed ,
Lawn Road flats
Isokon’s key nanna was the Lawn Road Flats in Hampstead, sometimes called the Isokon building, which opened on 9 July 1934. Intended to be the last word in contemporary modernist living, the block of flats were aimed at the market of new young professionals of the 1930s and contained 22 single flats, four double flats, three studio flats, staff quarters, kitchens and a large garage. In 1937 a club, the Isobar, was added to the complex.
The flats and particularly the bar became famous as a centre for intellectual life in North London, famous residents included Agatha Christie, and regulars at the Isobar included Henry Moore, Barbara Hepworth and Ben Nicholson.
Bauhaus in London
In 1935, Walter Gropius, the former head of the Bauhaus, became Controller of Design for Isokon. He arrived in England on 18 October 1934 and lived in one of the Lawn Road Flats until March 1937, when he and his wife left for USA. A month before he left for the USA, Gropius recommended Marcel Breuer, a former colleague at the Bauhaus, as his replacement for Controller of Design. The furniture Breuer designed whilst at Isokon are highly influential pieces of the modernist movement, and included chairs, tables and the Long Chair.
Lszl Moholy-Nagy, another former Bauhaus teacher, also became involved with Isokon when he arrived in Britain from Germany in May 1935 and designed promotional material, including sales leaflets, showcards and the logo of Isokon firm itself, which was an outline of curved plywood chair.
Isokon revival
Jack Pritchard revived Isokon Furniture Company in 1963. However changes in the manufacture of plywood meant a redesign of some of the key pieces in the Isokon portfolio, for which Pritchard hired Ernest Race. In 1968, Pritchard licensed John Alan Designs to produce the Long Chair, Nesting Tables and the Penguin Donkey 2 which the company did until 1980.
Jack and Molly retired to their home designed by Jack’s daughter Jennifer Jones and her husband Colin in 1966. The modern house called Isokon, turns heads to this day in Blythburgh, Suffolk.
In 1982, Chris McCourt of Windmill Furniture took over the license to manufacture Isokon pieces. Since 1999, this furniture has been sold through the retail arm of Windmill, Isokon Plus in Chiswick, London.
Isokon furnitur , oak wood cabinets .
Isokon Stool (designer unknown, 1933 , mosquito net bed .
Isokon Book Units (designed by Wells Coates, 1933)
Desk made from Isokon Book Units (designed by Wells Coates, 1933)
Aluminium Waste Paper Basket (designed by Walter Gropius, 1935)
Side Table GT2 (designed by Walter Gropius, 1936)
Isokon Nesting Tables (designed by Marcel Breuer, 1936)
Isokon Dining Table (designed by Marcel Breuer, 1936)
Isokon Stacking Chairs (designed by Marcel Breuer, 1936)
Isokon Long Chair (designed by Marcel Breuer, 1935-6)
The Pocket Bottleship (designed by Egon Riss, 1939)
The Pocket Bottleship Mark 2 (designed by Ernest Race, 1963)
The Penguin Donkey (designer by Egon Riss, 1939)
The Penguin Donkey Mark 2 (designed by Ernest Race, 1963)
References
Grieve, Alastair. 2004. Isokon: For Ease, For Ever. London: Isokon Plus. ISBN 0-9548676-0-2.
External links
Jack Pritchard The Pritchard Papers, UEA Norwich
John Craven Pritchard (Jack) Archives Hub
Isokon at Blythburgh Alan Mackley
Isokon Designers Isokon Plus
Categories: Architecture firms of the United Kingdom | Companies based in London | Companies established in 1929 | Modernist architecture in the United Kingdom
Top Grain Leather Sectional Couch Sofa ,
e examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page.
Dining Hall at Taj Lands End in Mumbai, India.
A dining room is a room for consuming food. In modern times it is usually adjacent to the kitchen for convenience in serving, although in medieval times it was often on an entirely different floor level. Historically the dining room is furnished with a rather large dining table and a number of dining chairs; the most common table shape is generally rectangular with two armed end chairs and an even number of un-armed side chairs along the long sides.
History
In the Middle Ages, upper class Britons and other European nobility in castles or large manor houses dined in the Great Hall. This was a large multi-function room capable of seating the bulk of the population of the house. The family would sit at the head table on a raised dais, with the rest of the population arrayed in order of diminishing rank away from them. Tables in the great hall would tend to be long trestle tables with benches. The sheer number of people in a Great Hall meant it would probably have had a busy, bustling atmosphere. Suggestions that it would also have been quite smelly and smoky are probably, by the standards of the time, unfounded. These rooms had large chimneys and high ceilings and there would have been a freeflow of air through the numerous door and window openings.
It is true that the owners of such properties began to develop a taste for more intimate gatherings in smaller ‘parlers’ or privee parlers’ off the main hall but this is thought to be due as much to political and social changes as to the greater comfort afforded by such rooms. In the first instance, the Black Death that ravaged Europe in the 14th Century caused a shortage of labour and this had led to a breakdown in the feudal system. Also the religious persecutions following the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII made it unwise to talk freely in front of large numbers of people.
Over time, the nobility took more of their meals in the parlour, and the parlour became, functionally, a dining room (or was split into two separate rooms). It also migrated farther from the Great Hall, often accessed via grand ceremonial staircases from the dais in the Great Hall. Eventually dining in the Great Hall became something that was done primarily on special occasions.
Toward the beginning of the 18th Century, a pattern emerged where the ladies of the house would withdraw after dinner from the dining room to the drawing room. The gentlemen would remain in the dining room having drinks. The dining room tended to take on a more masculine tenor as a result , round bar table .
Modern dining rooms in North Americ , wooden desk furniture .
A typical North American dining room will contain a table with chairs arranged along the sides and ends of the table, as well as other pieces of furniture, (often used for storing formal china), as space permits.
In modern American homes, the dining room is increasingly used only for formal dining with guests or on special occasions. Informal daily meals are often taken in the kitchen, breakfast nook or family room. This was traditionally the case in England, where the dining room would for many families be used only on Sundays, other meals being eaten in the kitchen. Often tables in modern dining rooms will have a removable leaf to allow for the larger number of people present on those special occasions without taking up extra space when not in use. In Australia, while the use of the dining room is still prevalent, family meals are also often eaten at a breakfast counter or in front of the television in the lounge.
Although the “typical” family dining experience is at a wooden table or some sort of kitchen area, some choose to make their dining rooms more comfortable by using couches or comfortable chairs.
References
v d e
Room
Names
atrium attic alcove basement / cellar bathroom Ballroom bedroom (or nursery, for infants or small children) conservatory dining room family room or den drawing room foyer front room (in various senses of the phrase) garage great room hallway/passage kitchen larder laundry room library living room lobby loft nook office or study pantry parlour recreation room / rumpus room / television room shrines to serve the religious functions associated with a family stairwell sunroom storage room / box room workshop
Chapter 3 of The Illustrated History of Furniture by Frederick Litchfield
Categories: RoomsHidden categories: Articles with limited geographic scope | Articles lacking sources from March 2007 | All articles lacking sources
Wooden Frame ,
McKim’s neoclassical redesign
Renovations by architect Charles Follen McKim during the administration of Theodore Roosevelt architecturally transformed the Family Dining Room. Using White House architect James Hoban’s groin vaulted ground floor hall ceilings as a model, McKim installed a similar groin vault ceiling. The surface was articulated with a low relief plaster meander (Greek key) and five-pointed star decoration, and an eagle within a laurel wreath on the east wall above the mantel. McKim commissioned the Boston furniture manufacturer A.H. Davenport to build a somewhat overscaled Federal-style sideboard and china cabinet, and dining table. Reproduction Chippendale-style sidechairs replaced the series of Victorian chairs used in the nineteenth century.
The Truman reconstruction
A photograph of the ceiling area taken while the room was being dismantled previous to the Truman reconstruction, shows the simple c. 1818 moulding and several pieces of Victorian era wall paper. Plaster decoration and wood trim was removed from the room with the intention of reinstalling it after the reconstruction. Like much of the salvaged wood and plaster from the house, it was pronounced unusable. McKim’s groin vaulted ceiling and plaster decoration was copied, along with the Greek key, stars and large eagle ornament. Most of McKim’s Colonial Revival furniture was returned to the room.
Kennedy restoration and later administrations
During the Kennedy restoration the room was designed largely by Sister Parish who asked preservation architect Robert Raley, a consulting architect to Henry Francis DuPont’s Winterthur Museum, to assess the room. Raley considered the room to be very strong and in keeping with the White House’s time of construction. He made two proposals which were followed: the removal of moulding that organized the walls into a series of upper and lower panels; and the lowering of the window height by extending a cornice across the north wall of the room. These changes had the dual effect of unifying the room and giving the vaulted ceiling more presence.
Parish had the walls painted a soft yellow, and yellow silk curtains, tied back twice with ornamental cords and tassels, installed within the frame of the windows. French interior designer Stphane Boudin had recommended a similar treatment by her in the Yellow Oval Room. A series of mantels and chandeliers were tried, finally resulting in permanent installation of a late Louis XVI green marble mantelpiece with a carved eagle and festoons in white marble. this mantel was acquired for the Yellow Oval Room but proved too small for the scale of that room. Baseboard trim was faux painted to match the green marble of the mantel. A Federal period dining and side chairs have been used since.
Today the room appears little changed since the Kennedy restoration. Yellow silk drapery based on an English Regency pattern have been installed and cover the window frames. They were designed in 1981 by Ted Graber, under First Lady Nancy Reagan’s supervision. She also approved new upholstery for the chair and a new carpet for the room. A silver mirror plateau, made in New York by John W. Forbes, c. 1820 sits on the table.
References and further reading
Abbott James A., and Elaine M. Rice. Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration. Van Nostrand Reinhold: 1998. ISBN 0-442-02532-7.
Garrett, Wendell. Our Changing White House. Northeastern University Press: 1995. ISBN 1-55553-222-5.
McKellar, Kenneth, Douglas W. Orr, Edward Martin, et al. Report of the Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion. Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion, Government Printing Office: 1952.
Monkman, Betty C. The White House: The Historic Furnishing & First Families. Abbeville Press: 2000. ISBN 0-7892-0624-2.
Seale, William. The President’s House. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 1986. ISBN 0-912308-28-1 , oak dining room chair .
Seale, William, The White House: The History of an American Idea. White House Historical Association: 1992, 2001. ISBN 0-912308-85-0 , modern barstools .
The White House: An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 2001. ISBN 0-912308-79-6.
v d e
White House Complex
White House
Executive Residence
Basement
Basement
Ground floor
China Room Office of the Curator Diplomatic Reception Room Chief Floral Designer Library Map Room Vermeil Room
State floor
Blue Room Cross Hall East Room Entrance Hall Family Dining Room Grand Staircase Green Room Red Room South Portico State Dining Room Chief Usher
Second floor
Center Hall Dressing Room East Bedroom East Sitting Hall Family Kitchen Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room President’s Bedroom President’s Dining Room Private Sitting Room Queens’ Bedroom Queens’ Sitting Room Treaty Room Truman Balcony West Bedroom West Sitting Hall Yellow Oval Room
West Wing
Cabinet Room Executive Office Oval Office Press Briefing Room Roosevelt Room Situation Room
East Wing
Office of the First Lady Graphics and Calligraphy Office Presidential Emergency Operations Center Social Secretary
Old Executive Office Building
Ceremonial Office of the Vice President Executive Offices
Grounds
The Ellipse Jacqueline Kennedy Garden Lafayette Park North Lawn President’s Park Rose Garden South Lawn
Streets
15th Street 17th Street Constitution Avenue E Street East Executive Avenue H Street NW Hamilton Place Jackson Place Madison Place Pennsylvania Avenue State Place West Executive Avenue
Categories: Rooms in the White House
wooden beach chair ,
Construction and launch
The construction of the Ile de France was part of the agreement between the French Line and the French government dating back to November, 1912. This agreement called for the construction of four passenger-mail ships, with the first ship called Paris and the second, Ile de France. World War I delayed construction until the 1920s, with the Paris being launched 1916 and not entering service until 1921 and the Ile de France in 1927. The Ile de France was launched on 14 March 1926 at the Penhot shipyard and was greeted by thousands of proud government and company officials, workers, press, and French citizens. The ship would undergo fourteen months of fitting-out and left the shipyards on 29 May for her sea trials.
Interior
In 1926, the French Line released an elaborate gold-covered booklet devoted entirely to the company’s new flagship. The illustrations depicted huge, ornate yet modern public rooms, female passengers carrying feather fans and smoking cigarettes, and passengers being led around the uncluttered sun deck.
Never before had a ship shown its own style in interior design like the Ile de France. In the past, ships had imitated the shore-style. The Mauretania, the Olympic and the Imperator had all shown an interior that celebrated styles of the past and could be found in any manor or chteau situated on land.
By contrast, the interiors of the Ile de France represented something new. For the first time, a ship’s passenger spaces had been designed not to reproduce decorative styles of the past but to celebrate the style of the present. Her fitting-out followed the famous Paris Exposition des Arts Dcoratifs et Industriels Modernes of 1925, which gave the world the term Art Deco and inspired the Ile’s contemporary style.
The ship’s degree of modernity was unlike anything previously seen. The first-class dining room was spectacular, never before had the traveling public seen such a room of massive simplicity yet startling attractiveness. The dining room was also the largest afloat, rose three decks high, and had a grand staircase for an entrance. It was a design based not on some landside theme, but created for this ship itself in complete originality.
In addition to the luxurious dining room, there was also a chapel done up in a neo-gothic style, a grand foyer which rose four decks, a shooting gallery, an elaborate gymnasium, and even a merry-go-round for the younger passengers. Every cabin had beds instead of bunks, and even many of the chairs aboard the Ile de France were totally new in design.
As each of the major liner companies subsequently planned their next passenger ships, one of the first steps was to visit this most exquisite, extraordinary and trend-setting French vessel.
The first-class lounge aboard the Ile de France.
Maiden voyage and early career
Following her sea trials, the Ile de France sailed to her home port of Le Havre on June 5, 1927. In the following week, acclaim and praise would resonate from the thousands of reporters and French citizens who flocked to the pier to glimpse visit the new ship. The novelty of Art Deco aboard a ship was an immediate sensation and the reaction of the visiting press would be echoed in favorable reviews the following week.
On June 22, 1927 the Ile de France sailed from Le Havre for her maiden voyage to New York. Upon her arrival in New York she received great attention from the American media and thousands of people crowded the docks just to catch a glimpse of the new ship.
With accommodation for 1,786 passengers, 537 in first-class, the Ile de France, like her running mates the France and Paris, became all the rage. The international Who’s Who of politics, aristocracy, business, theater, cinema, arts, and sports boarded the ship at one time or another. Captain Joseph Blancart and his chief purser, Henri Villar, actually received worldwide celebrity in their own right. With the contribution made by this splendid vessel, the French Line ended the year 1928 with record earnings. For the first time the company’s receipts exceeded a billion francs, and half of this derived from the New York service, which had transported over 90,000 passengers. Her popularity was such that by 1935, the ship had carried more first-class passengers than any other transatlantic liner.
Passengers took to her immediately, especially wealthy Americans. She quickly became the chosen ship of the youthful, the stylish, and the famous. But they did not choose her for her speed, she was roughly as fast as the Aquitania of 1914-and no larger , metal rocking chairs .
Flown cover carried on the first US to Europe “catapult” air mail from the Ile de France at sea on August 23, 192 , swivel dining chair .
Even though the Ile de France could not claim to be the fastest vessel in the world, she had the quickest mail-system between Europe and the United States. In July 1928, a seaplane catapult was installed at the ship’s stern for trials with two CAMS 37 flying boats that took off when the ship was within 200 miles, which cut the mail delivery time by one day. This practice proved too costly, however, and in October 1930 the catapult was removed and the service discontinued.
In 1935 the Ile de France and the Paris were joined by a new running mate, the brand new superliner Normandie. With these three ships the French Line could boast of having the largest, fastest, and most luxurious ships on the north Atlantic.
But this was not to last and two events shattered the French Line’s new found prosperity. The first occurred on April 18, 1939, when the Paris was destroyed by fire while docked in Le Havre. The second came on September 1, 1939 when Nazi Germany invaded Poland which sparked World War II and put an end to transatlantic traffic.
World War II
At the war’s outbreak, the Ile de France was berthed at her New York pier. Since the French were not anxious to return the ship to her homeland, she was towed to Staten Island by ten tugs and was laid up following special dredging that cost $30,000. Her crew of 800 was reduced to a security staff of 100 while she sat inoperative for the next five months. Then during March 1940, under the command of the British Admiralty, to whom she had been loaned, the ship was loaded with 12,000 tons of war materials, submarine oil, tanks, shells, and several uncrated bombers that were stowed on the aft open decks. On 1 May 1941 she departed for Europe, veiled in gray and black. From there, she sailed to Singapore where, following the Fall of France, she was officially seized by the British.
Post-war career and demise
In autumn 1945, the Ile de France was returned to the French Line after five years of outstanding military service with the British Admiralty. In honor of her wartime performance, British Rail named one of its locomotives Compagnie Gnrale Transatlantique.
At first the Ile was used to ferry American and Canadian troops home. Then in April 1947, she went to her builder’s yard at Saint Nazaire for a two-year restoration. The outcome included the removal of her third “dummy” funnel. The straight black hull had been turned up to meet her upper fore peak, in keeping with the French Line’s new look as on the Normandie. These changes resulted in an increased gross tonnage, and now the French vessel could boast a 44,356-tonnage.
She sailed to New York on her first postwar luxury crossing in July 1949. The Ile de France proved to be just as popular as before the war. She was still the preferred ship for the rich and famous, and in 1950 she was given a worthy running mate; the Libert. That ship had been the former German Blue Riband-holder SS Europa, so the French now operated a very distinguished duo.
On July 25, 1956, the Ile de France played a major role in the rescue operation after the collision of the passenger liners SS Andrea Doria and MS Stockholm off Nantucket. Of 1,706 passengers and crew on the Andrea Doria, approximately 750 were transferred to the Ile de France during the (roughly) 6-hour rescue operation.
By 1959, the jet age had started and ocean travel was on a rapid decline. Yet another liner to fall victim to this trend, the French Line wished to quietly dispose of the ship and spare it an undignified fate. The ship was sold to a Japanese scrapping company and departed Le Havre on February 16, 1959.
After being sold to Japanese scrappers, the Ile de France was used as a floating prop for the 1960 disaster film The Last Voyage under the name SS Claridon. During filming the ship was partially sunk, explosive devices were set off in the interior, and the forward funnel was sent crashing into the deckhouse. The French Line took the filmmakers to court to get an order to have the funnels repainted and bar the use of the name Ile de France from appearing in the film.
The ninth floor restaurant in Eaton’s Department Store, Montreal, Canada was styled after the first class restaurant on board the ship. The store owner’s wife had just travelled transatlantic on the liner and when asked what style the new ninth floor restaurant should adopt, she requested in the style of the Ile de France. Visitors could dine at the restaurant and gain an idea of fine dining on the high seas in the heyday of the ocean liner, until the closure of Eaton’s.
See also
SS France (1912)
SS Paris
SS Normandie
SS Libert
Compagnie Gnrale Transatlantique
References
^ Great Luxury Liners 1927-1954, A Photographic Record by William H. Miller, Jr.
^ Designing Liners: A History of Interior Design Afloat by Anne Massey
External links
Great Ships: Ile de…
Massage Sofa massage chair ,
www.kean.edu
Kean University (formerly Kean College of New Jersey, Newark State Teachers College, Newark Normal School) is a state university located in Union Township, Union County, New Jersey.
There are about 7,600 full-time and 2,400 part-time undergraduate and 3,060 graduate students at the five undergraduate and one graduate college. The school is primarily a commuter campus with 900 students living on campus. It is a large, public liberal arts school, most known for its education program and graduating the most teachers in the state of New Jersey. It is also known for the physical therapy program which it holds in conjunction with UMDNJ, attracting students statewide.
Contents
1 Colleges
2 Campuse , air mattress sofa bed .
3 Residence Hall , custom made sofa .
4 Student Organizations
4.1 Greek Life
5 History
6 Names over the years
7 Athletics
7.1 Men’s Sports
7.2 Women’s Sports
7.3 Intramural
7.4 Kean Alumni Stadium
7.5 Harwood Arena
8 Notable alumni
8.1 Business
8.2 Culture
8.2.1 Entertainment
8.2.2 TV & Film
8.2.3 Radio
8.2.4 Sports
8.2.5 Pharmaceuticals
8.3 Government
8.3.1 Military
8.3.2 Politics
9 References
10 External links
//
Colleges
Nathan Weiss Graduate College
College of Business and Public Administration
College of Education
College of Humanities and Social Sciences
College of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences
School of Visual and Performing Arts
New Jersey Center for Science, Technology and Mathematics Education
Campuses
The main campus is located in Union. A smaller campus (East Campus) is located less than a mile away in Hillside, New Jersey, in the former Pingry School.
There are plans for 2 new campuses: a campus in Toms River, New Jersey, and Kean University-Wenzhou in Wenzhou, in the Zhejiang Province of the People’s Republic of China. The Toms River Campus (Kean@Ocean) is currently in operation and is being housed at Ocean County College until the new campus is built.
Residence Halls
Kean University has 6 residence halls:
Bartlett Hall
This apartment style residence hall accommodates approximately 250 students. Each two-bedroom apartment houses four students. Each apartment has a living room, semi- kitchen and dining area, and a private bathroom. These furnished apartments contain a couch, chair, and dining table/chairs in the living room area. Each bedroom contains two beds, two wardrobes, two desks, and two desks/chairs. The semi-kitchen contains a full-size refrigerator, microwave unit, sink area, and cabinet space. There are free laundry facilities on each floor and a community center on the first floor acts as an information center for residents.
Burch Hall
Burch Hall is an apartment-style building which houses a total of 250 students. Each two-bedroom apartment houses four students. Each apartment has a living room, full kitchen and dining area, and a private bathroom. The furnished apartments contain a couch, chair, and dining table/chairs in the living room area. Each bedroom contains two beds, two wardrobes, two desks, and two desks/chairs. The full kitchen contains a full-size refrigerator, microwave unit, sink area and cabinet space. There are free laundry facilities on each floor and a community center on the first floor acts as an information center for residents. Burch Hall is named after Mary B. Burch, who served on the Kean University Board of Trustees from 1967 through 1974, and noted for her community leadership in many educational and cultural organizations.
Dougall Hall
Whiteman Hall houses approximately 145 first-year students. Each room is furnished with two beds, two closets, two desks/chairs, and two dressers. Each room connects to a semi-private bathroom shared with the adjoining room. Each room is provided with a refrigerator and students are allowed to bring one microwave per room. There are free laundry facilities located on each floor and study lounges throughout the building. Dougall Hall is named after John B. Dougall was the President of Kean University from 1944-1950.
Rogers Hall
Rogers Hall is an apartment style buildings which houses a total of 250 students. Each two-bedroom apartment houses four students. Each apartment has a living room, full kitchen and dining area, and a private bathroom. The furnished apartments contain a couch, chair, and dining table/chairs in the living room area. Each bedroom contains two beds, two wardrobes, two desks, and two desks/chairs. The full kitchen contains a full-size refrigerator, microwave unit, sink area and cabinet space. There are free laundry facilities on each floor and a community center on the first floor acts as an information center for residents. Rogers Hall is named after Laura E. Rogers, a 1920 graduate of Newark Normal School, dedicated her entire professional career to the University.
Sozio Hall
Sozio Hall is an apartment-style building which houses a total of 250 students. Each two-bedroom apartment houses four students. Each apartment has a living room, full kitchen and dining area, and a private bathroom. The furnished apartments contain a couch, chair, and dining table/chairs in the living room area. Each bedroom contains two beds, two wardrobes, two desks, and two desks/chairs. The full kitchen contains a full-size refrigerator, microwave unit, sink area and cabinet space. There are free laundry facilities on each floor and a community center on the first floor acts as an information center for residents. Sozio Hall is named after Ralph P. Sozio, a Kean Student who died in service during World War II
Whiteman Hall
Whiteman Hall houses approximately 145 first-year students. Each room is furnished with two beds, two closets, two desks/chairs, and two dressers. Each room connects to a semi-private bathroom shared with the adjoining room. Each room is provided with a refrigerator and students are allowed to bring one microwave per room. There are free laundry facilities located on each floor and study lounges throughout the building. Whiteman Hall was named after Harriet E. Whiteman, a former Dean of Students, for her dedication to student life.
There are plans for 2 more residence halls to be completed by 2010
Student Organizations
Greek Life
Fraternities: Alpha Phi Alpha, Beta Kappa Psi, Iota Phi Theta, Kappa Alpha Psi, Lambda Sigma Upsilon, Lambda Theta Phi, Omega Psi Phi, Phi Beta Sigma, Psi Sigma Phi, Nu Delta Pi,Nu Sigma Phi, Sigma Beta Tau, Sigma Lambda Beta, Sigma Theta Chi, Tau Kappa Epsilon, Alpha Delta Gamma - Interest Group, Gamma Psi Epsilon
Sororities: Alpha Kappa Alpha, Delta Phi Epsilon, Delta Sigma Theta, Kappa Delta Tau, Lambda Chi Rho, Lambda Tau Omega, Lambda Theta Alpha, Mu Sigma Upsilon, Nu Sigma Tau, Nu Theta Chi, Omega Sigma Psi, Rho Theta Tau, Sigma Beta Chi, Sigma Gamma Rho, Theta Phi Alpha, Zeta Phi Beta
History
The university was founded in 1855 in Newark, New Jersey, as the Newark Normal School, later to Newark State Teachers College. In 1958, it moved from Newark to Union, site of the Kean family’s ancestral home at Liberty Hall.
The university is named for the Kean family and Robert Winthrop Kean, who served New Jersey in the United States House of Representatives from 1939 to 1959, and owned the property where the university sits. Former New Jersey Governor, and head of the 9/11 commission, Thomas Kean, is Winthrop Kean’s grandson, and is a more notable living descendant of the school’s original property owners.
Kean was granted university status on September 26, 1997. Kean University has one of the finest programs for students wishing to become teachers. The university has a rigorous program that is noted to be the finest in the nation.[citation needed] While maintaining its significant role in the training of teachers, Kean has become a comprehensive institution offering 48 undergraduate and 28 graduate degree programs serving 13,050 students in fall 2006.
In 2006, the University announced that it is seeking approval from the Chinese and U.S. educational governing bodies to be the first American university to open an extensive University campus on Chinese soil. The new campus will be located in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province one of the richest provinces in China with the highest growth rate. It is scheduled to be in full operation by 2010 and will enroll up to 4,000 students.
Names over the years
1855 Newark Normal School
19?? Newark State Teachers College
1974 Kean College of New Jersey
1997 Kean University
Athletics
Kean runs an NCAA Division III sports program, with national rankings in soccer, baseball and women’s basketball. The Mascot is the Cougar, and the school colors are navy blue, baby blue, and white. On May 29, 2007 Kean University won their first Division III College World Series, winning the national title in baseball, defeating Emory University by a score of 5-4 in 10 innings.
Part of the addition to Kean’s Athletic Department is Kean Cougars Tennis Club. It has been established since 2005 by its founder, Quyloon Nicholas Reese. Quyloon Reese, Kean’s 2007 Valedictorian Award recipient, and Jay Sgaramella, the club’s advisor and Assistant Director of Recreation, Intramurals & Event Management, continue to embark on the vision of the club’s goals within Kean University’s community. All Kean students and alumni are invited to join this group of privileged students and colleagues.
Men’s Sports
Baseball
Basketball
Football
Lacrosse
Soccer
…
Carisoma ,
Historical Movements in Defence of the Commons
The Diggers
The Levellers
Contemporary Movements in Defence of the Commons
Abahlali baseMjondolo in South Afric , honey jars .
The Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee in Indi , laboratory incubators .
The EZLN in Mexico
Fanmi Lavalas in Haiti
The Homeless Workers’ Movement in Brazil
The Landless Peoples Movement in South Afria
The Landless Workers’ Movement in Brazil
Movement for Justice en el Barrio in the United States of America
Narmada Bachao Andolan in India
The Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign in South Africa
Key Theorists of the Commons
Iain Boal
Silvia Federici
Michael Hardt
David Harvey
Peter Linebaugh
William Morris
Antonio Negri
Elinor Ostrom
Kenneth Rexroth
Gerrard Winstanley
See also
Accumulation by dispossession
Biopiracy
Ejido
Enclosure
Common land
Primitive accumulation of capital
The Tragedy of the Commons
Tragedy of the anticommons
References
^ Reclaiming the Commons, David Bollier, Boston Review, 2003
^ ‘The Commons’, Free Software Magazine
Further reading
Hardt, Michael. Politics of the Common (2009).
Zizek, Slavoj. Censorship Today: Violence, or Ecology as a New Opium for the Masses (2007).
Linebaugh, Peter. Charters of Liberty in Black Face and White Face: Race, Slavery and the Commons (2005).
Hardin, Garrett. The Tragedy of the Commons (1968).
Angus, Ian. The Myth of the Tragedy of the Commons (2008).
External links
The Commoner
On the Commons - dedicated to exploring ideas and action about the commonshich encompasses natural assets such as oceans and clean air as well as cultural endowments like the Internet, scientific research and the arts.
The Peer to Peer Foundation
iCommons
The Factory of the Common - network of research events that explore the dimension of the ommon and its institutions in times of financial crisis and cognitive capitalism.
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Categories: Property | Sociology stubs | Economics and finance stubsHidden categories: Cleanup from January 2009 | All pages needing cleanup
Mirror Tray ,
cityofpetaluma.net/
Petaluma is a city in Sonoma County, California, in the United States. It is estimated that the 2006 population was 54,660
Located in Petaluma is the Rancho Petaluma Adobe, a National Historic Landmark. It was built beginning in 1836 by General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, then Commandant of the San Francisco Presidio. It was the center of a vast 66,000 acre (270-km) ranch stretching from Petaluma Creek to Sonoma Creek. The adobe is considered one of the best preserved buildings of its era in Northern California.
Petaluma is a transliteration of the Coast Miwok phrase pta luma which means hill backside and probably refers to Petaluma’s proximity to Sonoma Mountain.
Petaluma has a well preserved, historic city center which includes many buildings that survived the great 1906 earthquake.
Content , chicken egg incubator .
1 Demographic , magnet suppliers .
2 History
3 Geography and environmental factors
4 Film locations
5 Military
5.1 U.S. Coast Guard
5.2 California National Guard
6 Government
6.1 Local
6.2 State and Federal
7 Education
8 Transportation
9 Notable events
10 Notable residents
11 Notable Facts
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
//
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 54,548 people, 19,932 households, and 14,012 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,953 people per square mile (1,526/km). There were 20,304 housing units at an average density of 1,471/sq mi (568/km). The racial makeup of the city was 84.16% White, 1.16% African American, 0.54% Native American, 3.91% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 6.08% from other races, and 3.98% from two or more races. 14.64% of the population were Hispanic.
There were 19,932 households out of which 36.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.16. The age distribution is: 26.2% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $61,679, and the median income for a family was $71,158 (these figures had risen to $68,949 and $85,513 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $50,232 versus $36,413 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,087. About 3.3% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.2% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.
History
St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church
The Coast Miwok Indians resided in southern Sonoma County, and Petaluma was originally the name of a Miwok village east of the Petaluma River. A number of other Coast Miwok villages were also located in and around what is now Petaluma; Wotoki, immediately to the south of the village of Petaluma, on the opposite side of the river, Etem, Likatiut, and Tuchayalin, near downtown Petaluma, and Tulme and Susuli, just north of what are now the city limits of Petaluma.
Pioneered by the Spanish in 1776, the Petaluma area was part of a 66,000 acre (270-km) Mexican land grant of 1834 by Governor Jose Figueroa to Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo called Rancho Petaluma. In 1836, Vallejo began construction of his Rancho Petaluma Adobe a ranch house in Petaluma, which his family often used as a summer home, while he resided in the neighboring town of Sonoma. Vallejo’s influence and Mexican control in the region began to decline after Vallejo’s arrest during the Bear Flag Revolt in 1846.
Pioneers flocked into Petaluma from the eastern United States after the discovery of gold in California in 1849. The town’s position on the Petaluma River in the heart of productive farmland was critical to its growth during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Sailing scows, such as the scow schooner Alma (1892), and steamers plied the river between Petaluma and San Francisco, carrying agricultural produce and raw materials to the burgeoning city of San Francisco during the California Gold Rush.
Volpi’s is an old speakeasy that now operates as a bar and restaurant. There were also brothels, one of which is now Old Chicago Pizza on Petaluma Boulevard North, which used to be the main thoroughfare until US Highway 101 was constructed in the 1950s.
Petaluma soon became known for its grain milling and chicken processing industries, which continue to the present as a smaller fraction of its commerce. At one time, Petaluma was known as the “Egg Capital of the World”, sparking such nicknames as “Chickaluma”. Petaluma hosted the only known Poultry drugstore and is the place where the egg incubator was invented by Lyman Byce in 1879.
In fact one of the largest historic chicken processing plants still stands in the central area of town; this 1930s brick building is no longer used for the chicken industry, but is being evaluated for preservation and change of use. Even though it is no longer known as the Egg Capital of the World, Petaluma maintains a strong agricultural base today with dairy farms, olive groves, vineyards, berry and vegetable farms. The city is proud to protect its Greenbelt of farmland.
According to the Army Museum at the Presidio, San Francisco, Petaluma was relatively unharmed during the San Francisco earthquake of April 18, 1906, due to significant investment of stable bedrock underlying the region. As one of the few communities in the region left standing after the earthquake, Petaluma was the staging point for most Sonoma County rescue and relief efforts.
Petaluma is today the location of many distinguished, well-preserved pre-1906 buildings and Victorian homes on the western side of the river. The downtown has suffered many river floods over the years and during the Depression commerce declined. A lack of funds prevented the demolition of the old homes and buildings. In the 1960s there was a counter-culture migration out of San Francisco into Marin County and southern Sonoma County, looking for inexpensive housing in a less urban environment. The old Victorian, Queen Anne and Eastlake houses were dusty gems waiting to be discovered and restored. Historic iron-front buildings in the downtown commercial district were also rescued. Traffic and new home development for the most part was rerouted to the east of downtown by the construction of the 101 freeway.
With its large stock of historic buildings, Petaluma has been used as the filming location for numerous movies set in the 1940s, ’50s, and ’60s (see list of movies below). The historic McNear Building is a common film location.
Petaluma pioneered the time-controlled approach to development. After Highway 101 opened in 1969, residential development permits tripled, from 300 in 1969 to 900 in 1971. Because of the region’s soaring population in the sixties, the city enacted the etaluma Plan in 1971. This plan limited the number of building permits to 500 annually for a five year period beginning in 1972. At the same time Petaluma created a redbelt around the town as a boundary for urban expansion for a stated number of years. Similar to Ramapo, New York, a Residential Development Control System was created to distribute the building permits based on a point system conforming to the city’s general plan to provide for low and moderate income housing and divide development somewhat equally between east and west and single family and multi-family housing.
The stated objectives of Petaluma’s time controlled growth management were to ensure orderly growth; to protect the city’s small town character and surrounding green space; to provide a variety of housing choices; and to maintain adequate water supply and sewage treatment facilities.
The controlled development plan attracted national attention in 1975 when the city was taken to court by the Construction Industry Association. The city’s restriction was upheld by the 9th Circuit Court in 1975 and the Supreme Court denied a Petition for Writ of Certiorari in 1976. This court ruling still forms the foundation for most local growth management ordinances in California.
Despite this proud history of planned development, the Petaluma City Council voted on April 13, 2009, to eliminate the entire planning department and lay off the whole planning staff.
In the late 1990s, Petaluma was also known as Telecom Valley due to the telecom startup companies that seemed to multiply from one another, and offer great riches if you were lucky enough to be an early stockholder or employee. One success story was that of the employees of Advanced Fibre Communications (AFC) (now Tellabs), or Cerent, which was purchased by Cisco. Some Cerent employees went on to purchase the Phoenix Theater, a local entertainment venue, which was once an opera house.
Petaluma has been notable in the tech world again recently, due to technology broadcaster Leo Laporte hosting his TWiT.tv podcast network (including a national radio program syndicated by Premiere Radio Networks) from a small cottage in the city.[citation needed]
Geography and environmental factors
Looking north along the Petaluma River from downtown wooden pedestrian bridge
This is the Balshaw Bridge which crosses over the turning basin of the Petaluma River.…
Boiler With Automatic Feeding ,
Breeding and nests
Megapodes do not incubate their eggs with their body heat as other birds do, but bury them. Their eggs are unique in having a large yolk, making up 50-70% of the egg weight. They are best known for building massive nest-mounds of decaying vegetation, which the male attends, adding or removing litter to regulate the internal heat while the eggs hatch. However, some bury their eggs in other ways: there are burrow-nesters which use geothermal heat, and others which simply rely on the heat of the sun warming sand. Some species vary their incubation strategy depending on the local environment. Although the Australian Brush-turkey is the only species of bird in which sex ratio is confirmed to be incubation-temperature dependent, it is speculated that this is common to all Megapodes, as they share nesting methods unique among birds. The non-social nature of their incubation raises questions as to how the hatchlings come to recognise other members of their species, which is due to imprinting in other members of the order Galliformes. Recent research suggests that there is an instinctive visual recognition of specific movement patterns made by the individual species of megapode.
Many are shy, solitary, and inconspicuous.
Megapode chicks do not have an egg tooth: they use their powerful claws to break out of the egg, and then tunnel their way up to the surface of the mound, lying on their backs and scratching at the sand and vegetable matter. Similar to other precocious birds, they hatch fully feathered and active, already able to fly and live independently from their parents.
Distributio , wire cages .
Megapodes are found in the broader Australasian region, including islands in the western Pacific, Australia, New Guinea, and the islands of Indonesia east of the Wallace Line, but also the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. The distribution of the family has contracted in the Pacific with the arrival of humans, and a number of island groups such as Fiji, Tonga and New Caledonia have lost many or all of their species , swiss watch movements .
Species
There are more than 20 species in 7 genera. Although the evolutionary relationships between the Megapodiidae are especially uncertain[citation needed], the morphological groups are clear:
FAMILY: MEGAPODIIDAE
Scrubfowl group
Genus: Macrocephalon
Maleo, Macrocephalon maleo
Genus: Eulipoa (sometimes included in Megapodius)
Moluccan Scrubfowl, Megapodius wallacei.
Genus: Megapodius
Polynesian Scrubfowl, Megapodius pritchardii
Micronesian Scrubfowl, Megapodius laperouse
Marianas Island Scrubfowl, Megapodius laperouse laperouse
Palau Island Scrubfowl, Megapodius laperouse senex
Nicobar Scrubfowl, Megapodius nicobariensis
Philippine Scrubfowl, Megapodius cumingii
Sula Scrubfowl, Megapodius bernsteinii
Tanimbar Scrubfowl Megapodius tenimberensis
Dusky Scrubfowl, Megapodius freycinet
Forsten’s Scrubfowl, Megapodius (freycinet) forstenii
Biak Scrubfowl Megapodius geelvinkianus
Melanesian Scrubfowl, Megapodius eremita
Vanuatu Scrubfowl, Megapodius layardi
New Guinea Scrubfowl, Megapodius affinis
Orange-footed Scrubfowl Megapodius reinwardt
ile-builder Scrubfowl Megapodius molistructor
Malleefowl group
Genus: Leipoa
Malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata
Brush-turkey group
Genus: Alectura
Australian Brush-turkey, Alectura lathami
Genus: Aepypodius
Wattled Brush-turkey, Aepypodius arfakianus
Bruijn’s Brush-turkey, Aepypodius bruijnii
Genus: Talegalla
Red-billed Brush-turkey, Talegalla cuvieri
Black-billed Brush-turkey, Talegalla fuscirostris
Brown-collared Brush-turkey, Talegalla jobiensis
References
^ Starck, J.M., Ricklefs, R.E.(1998) “Avian Growth and Development. Evolution within the altricial precocial spectrum.” Oxford University Press, New York, 1998.
^ a b Starck, JM & SUtter E (2000) Patterns of growth and heterochrony in moundbuilders (MEgapodiidae) and fowl (Phasianidae). J. Avian Biol. 31:527-547
^ a b Steadman D, (2006). Extinction and Biogeography in Tropical Pacific Birds, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77142-7
^ Gth, A. & D.T. Booth. (2005) “Temperature-dependent sex ratio in a bird.” Biol. Lett. 1(1):31-3.
^ Gth, A., & Evans, C. S. (2004). Social responses without early experience: Australian brush-turkey chicks use specific visual cues to aggregate with conspecifics. Journal of Experimental Biology, 207, 2199-2208. doi:10.1242/jeb.01008
^ Birks, S. M., and S. V. Edwards. 2002. A phylogeny of the megapodes (Aves: Megapodiidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23: 408-421.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Megapodiidae
Mound-builders videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Photograph of a nest mound of M. tenimberensis from the Oriental Bird Club
Categories: Megapodiidae | Bird familiesHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007
Lizard Handbag (Real Lizard Skin) ,
Writer
Born in Farmington, Atchison County, Kansas, Hastings wrote all his life. His books covered a broad range of topics: chicken husbandry (The Dollar Hen), science fiction (City of Endless Night), nutrition (Physical Culture Cook Book), health (High Blood Pressure).
Hastings spent the bulk of his professional life as the food editor for Bernarr Macfadden writing hundreds of columns on food and nutrition for Physical Culture magazine. Hastings contributed several entries to The Olympian System, a four volume set of books published by Macfadden to promote his notions of eveloping physical and mental efficiency. When Macfadden started the New York Graphic newspaper Hastings wrote a series of articles on “Food, Health, and Happiness”.
Hastings wrote on other topics as well: commerce (The Egg Trade of the United States), philosophy (an introduction to Brann The Iconoclast), urban planning (promoting the linear city idea of Edgar Chambless), social commentary (the stage play Class of 29), and an occasional short story (“The New Chivalry”).
Hastings writing was infused with both clarity and wit. Complex ideas became simple. Historical, biblical, and cultural references were frequent. He got interested in many things over a lifetime. Where his interest led, he would learn, then write, and then move on , wire cages .
Clutch of the War-Go , swiss watch movements .
Two of Hastings science fiction works are known to survive: In the Clutch of the War-God (1911) and City of Endless Night (1920). There may be others serialized in a Bennarr Macfadden publication, as was the case with Milo known works.
Clutch of the War-God was serialized in three parts in the July, August, and September 1911 issues of Physical Culture magazine. It was never published in book form. What is known of the origin of Clutch comes from the Sam Moskowitz article ernarr Macfadden and His Obsession with Science-Fiction that appeared in Fantasy Commentator in 1986. Macfadden at the time (1910) was under a suspended jail sentence for an obscenity conviction related to a beauty contest. He commissioned Milo to write a futuristic fiction story promoting his (Macfadden) views on physical health and scolding the federal government, hoping to shame officials into granting him a pardon. Macfadden wrote a signed introduction to the story:
One of the graphics from “Clutch of the War-God”, Physical Culture magazine, September, 1911. There was a family connection to the Wright brothers that got Hastings interested in airplanes.
FOREWORD: In this strange story of another day, the author has “dipped into the future” and viewed with his mind’s eye the ultimate effect of America’s self-satisfied complacency, and her persistent refusal to heed the lessons of Oriental progress. I can safely promise the reader who takes up this unique recital of the twentieth century warfare, that his interest will be sustained to the very end by the interesting deductions and the keen insight into the possibilities of the present trend of international affairs exhibited by the author. Bennarr Macfadden.
The story is subtitled he Tale of the Orient Invasion of the Occident, as Chronicled in the Humaniculture Society istory of the Twentieth Century. Japan has a superior society and government but suffers from food shortages and excess population. They go to war with the United States successfully invading the central states with airplanes transported across the Pacific on flat-topped ships. Here is an excerpt:
But with all her material glory, there was not strength in the American sinews, nor endurance in her lungs, nor vigor in the product of her lions. Her people were herded together in great cities, where they slept in gigantic apartment houses, like mud swallows in a sand bank. They over-ate of artificial food that was made in great factories. They over-dressed with tight-fitting unsanitary clothing made by the sweated labor of the diseased and destitute. They over-drank of old liquors born of ancient ignorance and of new concoctions born of prostituted science. They smoked and perfumed and doped with chemicals and cosmetics the supposed virtues of which were blazoned forth on earth and sky day and night.
Some predictions in Clutch are remarkably accurate. Modern aircraft carriers are anticipated as is industrial agriculture. As a polemic the story served to further antagonize the government against Macfadden. Milo continued to write for Macfadden for years to come.
City of Endless Night
The science fiction work for which Hastings is best known is City of Endless Night. It first appeared as the story “Children of Kultur” serialized in True Story Magazine in seven installments from May to November, 1919. The word kultur, German for culture, had been made infamous by Allied propaganda in World War I. After Woodrow Wilson reelection in 1916 there was a concerted effort on the part of his administration to convince the citizenry to go to war. A Committee on Public Information was established that produced pro-war and anti-German propaganda. There were pamphlets with titles such as he German Whisper and onquest and Kultur. There were movies with titles like The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin and olves of Kultur.
A review of City of Endless Night from the Syracuse Herald, April 17, 1921. The artwork is typical of the pulp media style of the day.
“Children of Kultur” was later revised, retitled City of Endless Night and published by Dodd, Mead and Company, Inc., copyright 1919, 1920. It was reprinted in 1974 by Hyperion Press, Inc. with an introduction by Sam Moskowitz who edited a reprint series of two dozen science fiction classics for Hyperion. Here is an excerpt from his introduction putting the work in its place in the development of science fiction:
Of the pioneering anti-Utopian novels, one of the finest and least known is City of Endless Night by Milo Hastings, first published in book form by Dodd, Mead in 1920. This unusual work, filled with uncanny prescience about impending events, was born out of the experience of World War I and the impact on Americans of imperial Germany statist creed, which believed in the subjugation of the individual for the sake of the nation. On all counts of inventiveness, social significance, narrative flow and intrinsic worth, it ranks with When the Sleeper Wakes by H. G. Wells, Messiah of the Cylinder by Victor Rousseau and We by Eugene Zimiatin, all written and published about the same period.
City of Endless Night was written as World War I was ending and anticipates the resurgence of Germany and the rise of fascism. City of Endless Night is one of the works cited in an article on iterary Propheteering by Murray Teigh Bloom that appeared in the February 1, 1941 Saturday Review of Literature:
Back in 1920 there was another prophet for modern Germany. His name was Milo M. Hastings and he put his guesses in a fast-paced novel called “The City of Endless Night.” The city was Berlin of the year 2041. It had become an entirely roofed-in city of sixty levels, sheltering 300,000,000 sun-starved humans. Since 1941 the city had held out against the World State (here it is again) which tried to bomb it into line. Hohenzollerns ruled this tight world; ruled it with the blessings of “autocratic socialism,” “the perfect government which we Germans have evolved from proletarian socialism.” Other Hastings bulls’-eyes: o A rigidly controlled press. (“Every paper, every book and every picture originates in the shops of the Information Staff . . . the writing is done by specially trained workers of the Information Service. … “) o State-fixed diets, on a calories-for-work-done basis. o Nazi religion: “We supermen long ago repudiated that spineless conception of the soft Christian God and the servile Jewish Jesus.” However, “Jesus father was an adventurer from Central Asia, a man of Teutonic blood.” o The importance of “pure and un-defiled pedigrees” for marriage partners. o Eugenic breeding. o A vast labor corps, whose members are trained from childhood to do only manual labor. o Racial theories. “We have long known that all those great men whom the inferior races claim as their geniuses are of truth of German blood and that the fighting quality of the other races is due to the German blood that was scattered by our early immigrants.”
Some say that City of Endless Night was the original inspiration for the Fritz Lang Metropolis (film), the classic science fiction movie of 1927.
Chicken husbandry
Hastings interest in chickens began as a teenager on his family farm. In college at Kansas State Agricultural College he began their poultry husbandry program. He built a new kind of chicken house based on plans from the Maine Experiment Station. It was a urtain-front house, the idea being a big frame covered with heavy white cloth on the south side instead of glass windows. The cloth let the water vapor pass through to keep the house drier, but was as warm as glass. In 1904 while still at Kansa State he began the first official egg laying contest in America.
It was during his college days he got the idea for the forced-draft chicken incubator. The goal was to incubate eggs in large numbers. Up to that time eggs were incubated by the dozens. Milo goal, later appearing on his stationery, was the million egg incubator. The technical problem was the control of heat and humidity. Eggs in the early stages of incubation take in heat. In the later stages they give off heat. Milo idea was an incubator with eggs in various stages of incubation with a fan to move the excess heat of the later stages to the earlier stages all while maintaining the proper humidity. He proposed the idea to the Department of Agriculture where…
